Education: Topic 1- Class differences in achievement (External)

Question 1

What are the cultural factors that impact education success?

Answer 1

• W/C subculture
• Language
• Speech codes
• Parents education
• Compensatory education

Question 2

Cultural deprivation

What does Sugarman argue about working-class subcultures?

Answer 2

These subcultures lead to a barrier to educational achievement:
* Fatalism
* Collectivism
* Immediate gratification
* Present-time orientation

Question 3

Cultural deprivation

What does Hubbs et al argue about languages?

Answer 3

When parents use language that challenges their children to their own understanding, cognitive performance improves.

Question 4

Cultural deprivation

What does Bernstein argue about speech codes?

Answer 4

• Restricted codes: Basic sentences, limited vocab, gestures, used by W/C
• Elaborated codes: Long sentences, complex vocab, abstract ideas, used by M/C

Question 5

Cultural deprivation

What does Douglas argue about parents education?

Answer 5

That W/C parents placed less value on education, resulting in their children being less ambitious

Question 6

Cultural deprivation: Parents education

What does Bernstein and Young argue about parents use of income?

Answer 6

Parents with higher education have higher incomes. They buy more educational books, toys and activities. The W/C did the opposite.

Question 7

Cultural deprivation

How does compulsary education combat class differences in education?

Answer 7

• They include programmes the improves eduational success
• E.g. Aim higher 2004

Question 8

Cultural deprivation

How does Reay criticise compulsary education?

Answer 8

These programmes assume W/C children fail due to lack of aspiration but poverty is a factor

Question 9

What are some criticisms of the cultural deprivation theory?

Answer 9

• Victim blaming: Ignores inequalities built into education system
• Different not deprived: the W/C are culturally different not deprived, education supports W/C culture
• Parental interest: Many W/C parents are interested but cannot attend parents evening due to longer work hours

Question 10

What are the material factors that impact educational success?

Answer 10

• Housing
• Diet and health
• Financial support
• Fear of debt

Question 11

Material deprivation

How does housing affect educational success?

Answer 11

• Overcrowding: Too chaos to do work at home, can fall behind
• Mold: Can lead to children becoming sick due to mold, and staying off school

Question 12

Material deprivation

What does Howard argue about diet and health?

Answer 12

W/C intakes less vitamins and minerals
* Weak immune system
* Become sick
* Absent from school

Question 13

Material deprivation

What does Smith & Noble argue about financial support?

Answer 13

Poverty acts as a barrier to learning
* Inability to afford private school or tuition
* Go to poor quality schools

Question 14

Material deprivation

What does Callender & Jackson argue about the fear of debt?

Answer 14

Found that W/C students are more debt adverse
* Sees debt negatively
* Costs up to £9250 per year

Question 15

Material deprivation

What is a criticism of material deprivation?

Answer 15

Some children from poor families do succeed

Question 16

Cultural capital

What does Bourdieu argue about the 3 types of capital?

Answer 16

It explains why M/C pupils do better:
* Cultural capital
* Educational capital
* Economic capital

Question 17

Culture capital

What is cultural capital?

Answer 17

Knowledge, attributes, values , tastes of the W/C. E.g. museums

Question 18

Culture capital

What is educational capital?

Answer 18

Educational goods that are bought for and in the educational system. e.g. Private school.

Question 19

Culture capital

What is economic capital?

Answer 19

A persons wealth, both cash and assets including, stocks, money in their home, etc. M/C can afford houses in catchment areas of schools high on league tables