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Human Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the overall function of blood?

A

To provide the medium 6-8% of body weight, in which to carry out systemic circulatory transport, the function of the circulatory system.

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2
Q

What are the 5 types of white blood cells (Leukocytes)?

A

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, monocytes (macrophages), Eosinophils, Basophils

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3
Q

Life cycle of RBCs

A

They are created in the red bone marrow. They live about 120 days shuttling O2 and carbon dioxide, and then certain WBCs destroy them in the liver and spleen. As the RBCs are destroyed, the iron they contain is recycled back to the red bone marrow to be used in new cells. The rest of the material in the old red blood cells is degraded and transported to the digestive system

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4
Q

Release histamines. Inflammation, anti-clotting

A

Basophils

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5
Q

Help defend the body against invading organisms, particularly parasitic worms. Inflammation, immunity

A

Eosinophils

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6
Q

Most abundant WBCs. They eat bacteria. Phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils

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7
Q

Key players in adaptive immune response, two of their functions are to destroy virally infected cells and to make defensive proteins called antibodies. Immune response

A

Lymphocytes

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8
Q

Precursors to macrophages. Macrophages digest bacteria and viruses. Phagocytosis

A

Monocytes (Macrophages)

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9
Q

Also called thrombocytes, pieces of cells that work to form blood clots

A

Platelets

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10
Q

Cellular portion of blood or “formed elements” makes up 40-50% of whole blood

A

RBCs, WBCs, Platelets

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11
Q

Non-cellular portion or “Plasma” makes up 50-60% of whole blood

A

Water 91-92% acts as a solvent, Plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen) 7% defense, clotting, lipid transport, Solutes (ions, sugar, lipids, amino acids, hormones, vitamins, dissolved gases) 2% osmotic balance, pH

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12
Q

Describe the pulmonary circulation cycle

A

It is the first pathway of your two circuit circulatory system, brings blood to your lungs for oxygenation.

  1. Deoxygenated blood from your body enters the right atrium of your heart through the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.
  2. From the right atrium, the deoxygenated blood drains into the right ventricle through the right AV valve.
  3. The right ventricle then contracts, forcing the deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery.
  4. The pulmonary artery carries the blood thats very low in O2 to the lungs, where it becomes oxygenated
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13
Q

Describe the systemic circulation cycle

A

Brings oxygenated blood to the cells of your body.

  1. Freshly oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the heart via the pulmonary veins
  2. The pulmonary veins push the oxygenated blood into the left atrium, which then relaxes, allowing the blood to drain into the left ventricle through the left AV valve.
  3. As the left ventricle contracts, the oxygenated blood is pumped into the main artery of the body-the aorta.
  4. The aorta branches into other arteries, when then branch into smaller arterioles, carrying oxygenated blood all around your body.
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14
Q

Where is O2 exchanged for carbon dioxide?

A

Throughout your body, arterioles meet up with capillaries where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide

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15
Q

What are the only veins that contain oxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary veins

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16
Q

Briefly describe the hearts cycle

A
  1. The left and right atrias contract “systole”
  2. The left and right atria relaxes “diastole” and the ventricles contract “systole”= both valves slam shut
  3. When the ventricular systole ends, the R &L semilunar valves slam shut
  4. For 1/2 a second, both atria and ventricles remain in diastole together-the atria and 80% of the ventricles passively fill
  5. The cycle starts over again typically about 60-80 cycles a minute
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17
Q

Normal blood pressure in systolic

A

100-119

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18
Q

Normal blood pressure in diastolic

A

60-79

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19
Q

Hypotension systolic

A

less than 100

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20
Q

Hypotension diastolic

A

less than 60

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21
Q

Prehypertension systolic

A

120-139

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22
Q

Prehypertension diastolic

A

80-139

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23
Q

Hypertension systolic

A

140 and up

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24
Q

Hypertension diastolic

A

90 and up

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25
Q

What is considered the fluid filter?

A

lymphatic system

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26
Q

What are the cardiovascular disease (CV) six disorders?

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Arteriosclerosis
  3. Atherosclerosis
  4. Angina Pectoris
  5. Myocardial Infarction (MI or “heart attack”)
  6. Stroke
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27
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Returns H2O, plasma proteins and other filtrats to the blood
  2. Filters out foreign bodies and cellular debris in lymph nodes and spleen
  3. Transports fats absorbed in the small intestine to the blood
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28
Q

What are the 4 main features of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Lymph vessels: Carry fluid called lymph, through a network of lymph nodes and then back to the circulatory system. Largely parallels capillary beds and vasculature, picks up interstitial fluid, has many valves, and two main ducts empty into large veins below the R & L clavicles
  2. Lymph nodes (most numerous): Includes tonsils, appendix, typical chains of lymph nodes found in pelvic, GI, oropharyngeal and axillary regions.
  3. Spleen (largest lymphoid organ): filters blood, removes debris and old/defective RBCs, major site of lymphocytes and antibody production
  4. Thymus gland: Make T cells. Site of T lymphocytes, acquire specificity and differentiation.
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29
Q

What are the two types of phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils and Macrophages

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30
Q

Define phagocytes

A

They are WBCs that patrol your body looking for microbes. When they find them they grab them and eat them alive. They activate helper T cells by showing them antigens from the destroyed microbes.

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31
Q

Describe Neutrophils

A

These phagocytes multiply early during an infection and are the first ones to arrive on the scene during an inflammation

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32
Q

Describe Macrophages

A

These phagocytes live in particular tissues

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33
Q

Briefly describe the pulmonary circulation

A

First delivers deoxygenated “blue” blood to the lungs so it can become oxygenated “red” and then delivers oxygenated blood back to the heart

34
Q

Briefly describe the systemic circulation

A

Carries the oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

35
Q

Which cells are associated with specific immune response only?

A

B cells

36
Q

The accumulation of fluid at the site of a wound is the result of the secretion of?

A

Histamines

37
Q

Which cells protect the body by touch-killing perceived threats?

A

Cytotoxic T

38
Q

A vaccine may contain?

A

Killed pathogen, weakened pathogen, noninfective fragments of a pathogen and full strength pathogen

39
Q

Virulence refers to?

A

Relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease

40
Q

A stroke is?

A

A clot that gets lodged in the brain and block blood flow

41
Q

Blood from the lungs is first received by the heart in the?

A

Left atrium

42
Q

In adults, red blood cells are recycled in the?

A

Liver and Spleen

43
Q

In humans, which cell does NOT have a nucleus when mature?

A

Erythrocytes

44
Q

Which cells are divided into two groups: T cells and B cells?

A

lymphocytes

45
Q

Helper T cells assist

A

T effector cells, B effector cells, T memory cells, B memory cells

46
Q

What is the classic sequence of inflammation from the second line of defense?

A
  1. Tissue damage and/or pathogen invasion
  2. Tissue mast cells
  3. “Leaky” capillaries release fluid and plasma proteins
  4. Plasma Proteins- clotting factors
  5. Fast-acting WBC’s and Macrophages
47
Q

Describe the systemic phagocytosis

A

Final phagocytic cleanup by macrophages in lymph nodes, sleep, liver, and other organs. “Marking” antigens for immune response (if 3rd line of defense is needed) called antigen-MHC complexes

48
Q

Signs of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Redness and warmth
  2. Swelling
  3. Pain
49
Q

Blood components involved in inflammation of the 2nd line of defense

A
  1. Plasma proteins
  2. Fast-acting WBCs: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
  3. Macrophages
50
Q

What is the basis of blood typing?

A

The A-B-O system is a means of classifying blood by the antigens located on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies circulating in the plasma.
An individual’s red blood cells may carry A antigen, a B antigen, both A and B antigens, or no antigens at all.
These antigen patterns are called blood types A, B, AB, O respectively

51
Q

When does Rh incompatibility occur?

A

Rh type mother-fetus incompatibility occurs only when an Rh+ man fathers a child with an Rh- mother

52
Q

First line of defense= Body barriers “innate defenses”

A
  1. Physical barriers: Skin
  2. Anti-microbial body secretions
  3. Body flushes and excretions: Mucus, tears,urine,mechanical flushing
  4. Indegeous microbes: “Friendly”: Normal flora, commonsal microbes
53
Q

What are the 2 types of allergies?

A

Asthma and Anaphylaxis

54
Q

What are the 3 autoimmune disorders?

A
  1. Rheumatoid arthritis
  2. Xenotransplantation
  3. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
55
Q

What are the 3 deficient immune disorders?

A
  1. Poorly controlled diabetes
  2. Lymphoma
  3. AIDS
56
Q

Hemostasis and blood clotting-Any tissue trauma that can result in blood loss stimulates what?

A
  1. Smooth muscle contraction
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Platelets
57
Q

Describe platelet plug formation

A

Turns sticky with damaged tissue

58
Q

Describe Platelets

A

RBCs and a plasma protein (fibrinogen) form a fibrin mesh that coagulates into a gel-like blood clot

59
Q

Where does the blood flow in veins return the blood to?

A

The heart

60
Q

Describe the arteries

A

Arteries (and arterioles) take blood away from the heart. Arteries have the thickest walls, which allows them to withstand blood pressure.

61
Q

Describe the capillaries

A

Exchange of substances occurs in the capillaries.

62
Q

Describe the veins

A

Veins and venules take blood to the heart. Veins have weak walls with valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction

63
Q

What does the right atrium of the heart receive?

A

It receives O2-poor blood from the body, and the right ventricle pumps it into the pulmonary circuit (to the lungs)

64
Q

What does the left atrium of the heart receive?

A

It receives O2-rich blood from the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps it into the systemic circuit

65
Q

How is the heartbeat controlled?

A

During the cardiac cycle, the SA node (pacemaker) initiates the heartbeat by causing the atria to contract. The AV node conveys the stimulus to the ventricles, causing them to contract. The heart sounds, “lub-dub”, are due to the closing of the atrioventricular valves, followed by the closing of the semilunar valves

66
Q

How does blood pressure move blood in the arteries?

A

Blood pressure caused by the beating of the heart accounts for the flow of blood in the arteries

67
Q

Why is blood flow slow in capillaries?

A

The reduced velocity of blood flow in capillaries facilitates exchange of nutrients and waste in the tissues

68
Q

What is blood flow in veins caused by?

A

Blood flow in veins is caused by skeletal muscle contraction, the presence of valves, and respiratory movements

69
Q

How does fluid leave the capillaries?

A

At the arterial end of a cardiovascular capillary, blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure; therefore, fluid leaves the capillary

70
Q

Describe pulmonary capillaries

A

Pulmonary capillaries within the lungs allow gas exchange. Oxygen enters the blood; carbon dioxide waste is excreted from the blood.

71
Q

What is the order after the blood leaves the aorta?

A
  1. Large arteries, smaller arteries, and arterioles supply tissue capillaries.
  2. Tissue capillaries drain into increasingly larger veins
  3. Veins drain into the superior and inferior vena cava, and the cycle starts again
72
Q

The body’s most important nonspecific defense?

A

Skin

73
Q

Proteins that tag pathogens for destruction by immune cells are called?

A

Antibodies

74
Q

HIV weakens the immune system by killing what type of cells?

A

T helper cells

75
Q

An example of an autoimmune desease is?

A

Multiple sclerosis

76
Q

When the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own molecules, it produces an?

A

Autoimmune disease

77
Q

A chemical alarm that causes nearby blood vessels to dilate?

A

Histamine

78
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is carried out by

A

T cells

79
Q

A ___ T cell activates other T cells and B cells, while a cytotoxic T cell binds to infected cells?

A

Helper T cells

80
Q

Lupus occurs when the body manufactures antibodies that attack some of the body’s own tissues. This is an example of an ____ disease.

A

Autoimmune

81
Q

T cells attack host cells containing pathogens in ____ immunity

A

Cell-Mediated

Human Biology (42 decks)

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