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Human Biology > Chapter 16 and 17 course packet > Flashcards

Chapter 16 and 17 course packet Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The first 22 pairs of sex chromosomes are

A

Autosomes

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2
Q

Female sex chromosomes are truly what?

A

Homologous xx

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3
Q

What chromosomes do the males have?

A

X and a very short Y

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4
Q

What is Sry?

A

Sex-determining Region of the Y chromosome

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5
Q

One gene on the Y chromosome is called?

A

Sry

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6
Q

When does Sry become active?

A

When the embryo is about 6 weeks old

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7
Q

Up to about 6 weeks, both male and female embryos are what?

A

Anatomnically identical

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8
Q

If the Sry is present in only XY chromosomes what happens?

A

Germ cells and the cells immediately around them begin to develop into testes at about 7 weeks

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9
Q

If the Sry is absent then what?

A

Cells begin to develop into ovaries

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10
Q

The cells that become the male gonad (testes), begin to secrete and release what

A

Testosterone

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11
Q

What does the releasing of testosterone signal

A

The further developlment of the male sexual organs in the embryo & the male secondary sexual traits at puberty

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12
Q

The cells that become the female gonad (ovary), begin to secrete and release what

A

Estrogen & eventually progesterone

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13
Q

What does the releasing of estrogen and progesterone signal

A

The further development of the female sexual organs in the embryo & the female secondary sexual traits as puberty

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14
Q

What are the 5 male reproductive organs

A

1) 2 testes
2) 2 epididymis
3) 2 Vas deferens
4) 2 Ejaculatory ducts
5) Penis

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15
Q

3 Male accessory glands

A

1) 2 Seminal vesicle
2) Prostate gland
3) 2 Bulbourethral gland

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16
Q

Function of testes

A

Seminiferous tubules: sperm production; Leydig cells: sex hormones

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17
Q

Function of Epididymis

A

Sperm maturation site; & further from the testis, sperm storage

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18
Q

Function of Vas deferens

A

Rapid transport of sperm

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19
Q

Function of Ejaculatory duct

A

After seminal vesicle, conduction of sperm to the penis

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20
Q

Function of the penis

A

Organ of sexual intercourse

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21
Q

Function of the seminal vesicle

A

Secretion of fructose & prostaglandins, a large part of semen

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22
Q

Function of Prostate gland

A

Secretion of buffers and other substances that become part of semen

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23
Q

Function of the bulbourethral gland

A

Secretion of lubricating mucus

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24
Q

Where can the Leydig cells be found

A

Found between seminiferous tubules of the testes

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25
Q

Fertile males operate w/in what

A

A narrow range of circulating male hormones

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26
Q

The meiosis is easily seen when

A

Looking at a cross-section of a seminiferous tubule & moving from the outside in

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27
Q

What is the order of the cell (genome) for meiosis

A

1) Spermatogonium (2n)
2) Primary spermatocyte (2n)
3) Secondary spermatocyte (n, but still replicated DNA)
4) Early spermatids (n)
5) Late spermatids (n)
6) Immature sperm (n)
7) Mature sperm (n)

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28
Q

What is the meiotic stage for Spermatogonium

A

Mitosis

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29
Q

What is the meiotic stage for primary spermatocyte

A

Meiosis 1

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30
Q

What is the meiotic stage for Secondary spermatocyte

A

Meiosis 2

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31
Q

Location of Spermatogonium

A

Outermost cells within the tubule walls

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32
Q

Location of primary spermatocyte

A

Cells just inside the spermatogonia

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33
Q

Location of secondary spermatocyte

A

Numerous smaller cells in the mid-wall

34
Q

Location of early spermatids

A

Yet smaller cells nearer to the cavity

35
Q

Location of late spermatids

A

Inner cells still attached to the tubule wall

36
Q

Location of immature sperm

A

Sperm cells now released into the cavity start to head to the epididymis

37
Q

Location of mature sperm

A

In the epididymis, furthest from the testes

38
Q

Included structures of a sperm

A

1) Acrosome
2) Head
3) Midpiece
4) Tail

39
Q

Acrosome of a sperm is

A

Enzyme-rich cap enables sperm to penetrate all the “stuff” around ovum

40
Q

Head of a spermis

A

Important, contains haploid DNA

41
Q

Midpiece of a sperm is

A

Mitochondria supplying ATP’s for microtubule movement

42
Q

Tail of a sperm is

A

Microtubules propel sperm to egg

43
Q

The 5 female reproductive organs are

A

1) 2 Ovaries
2) 2 Oviducts
3) Uterus
4) Cervix
5) Vagina

44
Q

Function of the ovaries

A

Oocyte production & maturation; estrogen & progesterone secretion

45
Q

Function of the oviducts

A

Conduction of oocyte from ovary to uterus, usual site of fertilization

46
Q

Function of the uterus

A

Chamber of embryo & fetal development, myometrium & endometrium

47
Q

Function of the cervix

A

Narrowed entry in uterus, secretes mucus which enhances sperm movement into uterus & forms a bacterial barrier after fertilization

48
Q

Function of the vagina

A

Organ of sexual intercourse, birth canal

49
Q

Estrogen is secreted by

A

The ovaries

50
Q

Both FSH & LH are involved in negative feedback loops just like in the male, except the females hypothalamus is sensing

A

Circulating blood levels of estrogen & progesterone

51
Q

During the menstrual cycle while the GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH & LH, there is a specific

A

Mid-cycle surge of LH that triggers ovulation at about day 14 of the cycle

52
Q

What are the 3 phases of menstrual cycle

A

1) Follicular phase
2) Ovulation
3) Luteal phase

53
Q

Follicular phase is

A

Days 1-5 Endometrium breaks down, menstruation; low estrogen, progesterone, FSH LH
Days 6-13 Hypothalamus: increase GnRH, anterior pituitary: increase FSH & LH, to maturation of one follicle to estrogen increase to gradual thickening of endometrium
Day 13 & midcycle surge of LH

54
Q

Ovulation phase

A

Day 14 Secondary oocyte relseased from ovary; FSH & LH decrease; estrogen stabilizes, progesterone begins to increase

55
Q

The luteal phase is

A

Day 15-28 Corpus luteum established, estrogen secretion is maintained & progesterone increases, Endometrium thickens & ripens for implantation of fertilized egg

56
Q

If no pregnancy occurs during the phases what happens

A

Back to day 1 as corpus luteum degenerates, decrease of estrogen & progesterone levels

57
Q

In the female fetus several million primary oocytes will enter

A

Meiosis 1 but stop before meiosis 1 is complete

58
Q

At birth, primary oocytes number is about what

A

2 million

59
Q

At age 7, only how much oocytes remain

A

About 300,000 remain still in a state of arrested meiosis 1 (prophase 1)

60
Q

At puberty, meiosis will resume what at a time

A

One oocyte at a time starting with the first menstrual cycle

61
Q

How many oocytes will develop and be released until menopause

A

About 400-500

62
Q

What is the order for the cell (genome)

A

1) Primary oocyte in primordial follicle
2) Primary oocyte in maturing follicle
3) Secondary oocyte in mature follicle
4) Secondary oocyte
5) Secondary oocyte will actually not undergo meiosis 2 until sperm penetrates into cytoplasm

63
Q

Meiotic stage for Primary oocyte in primordial follicle

A

Arrested meiosis 1

64
Q

Meiotic stage for Primary oocyte in maturing follicle

A

Arrested meiosis 1

65
Q

Meiotic stage for Secondary oocyte in mature follicle

A

Only meiosis 1 completed

66
Q

Meiotic stage for secondary oocyte

A

Only meiosis 1 completed

67
Q

Characteristic of primary oocyte in primordial follicle

A

Very few follicular cells surround oocyte

68
Q

Characteristic of primary oocyte in maturing follicle

A

Zona pellucida then antrum develops

69
Q

Characterisic of secondary oocyte in mature follicle

A

1st polar body formed, follicle protrudes slightly from ovarian surface

70
Q

Characteristic of secondary oocyte

A

Ovulates when LH triggers follicle ruptures

71
Q

When are the 2nd & 3rd polar bodies formed

A

When the sperm penetrates into the cytoplasm

72
Q

What is required for male fertilization

A

High count of motile/functional sperm

73
Q

What is required for female fertilization

A

Functional menstrual cycles w/ regular ovulation, open oviducts for conductiong both egg and sperm, and ovulations timed with monthly endometrial thickening

74
Q

What are the 3 birth control aspects

A

1) Correct & consistent use of most contraceptive methods results in a low risk of pregnancy
2) Contraceptives pose little risk to a user’s health, although personal risk factors should influence personal choice
3) Half of all pregnancies are unintended (~3 million each year)

75
Q

The hypothalamus senses what?

A

blood vessels of testosterone & inhibin

76
Q

If blood levels are LOW what happens

A

If blood levels low, hypothalamus will secrete GnRH

77
Q

The anterior pituitary secretes what into the blood stream

A

Anterior pituitary secretes FSH & LH into blood stream

78
Q

Which of the male organs are set in motion

A

Testes “set in motion”

79
Q

If testes or overstimulated what happens

A

If testes are overstimulated, sertoli cells will secrete inhibin for HIGH sperm counts

80
Q

One the hypothalamus senses the low blood levels what happens next

A

Then turn GnRH down decreasing FSH & LH secretion which then decreases testosterone secretion & sperm production by the testes

Human Biology (42 decks)

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