Chapter 10.1-10.2 Flashcards
1
Q
The organ system of the body that plays a major role in maintaining the salt, water, and pH homeostasis of the blood is?
A
The urinary system
2
Q
The removal of metabolic waste from the body
A
Excretion
3
Q
The metabolic waste materials from the body are the by products of?
A
The normal activities of the cells and tissues
4
Q
Excretion in humans is performed by?
A
The formation and discharge of urine from the body
5
Q
The urinary system consists of the organs…
A
Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, and Urethra
6
Q
Paired organs located near the small of the back on either side of the vertebral column.
A
Kidneys
7
Q
Where do the kidneys lie?
A
They lie in depressions beneath the peritoneum, where they receive some protection from the lower rib cage
8
Q
What organs are bean shaped and reddish-brown in color?
A
Kidneys
9
Q
What type of covering do the kidneys have?
A
A tough capsule of fibrous connective tissue, called renal capsule
10
Q
Masses of what type of tissue adhere to each kidney?
A
Adipose tissue
11
Q
The concave side of a kidney has a depression where?
A
A renal artery enters and a renal vein and a ureter exit the kidney
12
Q
The Renal artery does what?
A
Transports blood to be filtered to the kidneys
13
Q
The Renal vein does what?
A
Carries filtered blood away from the kidneys
14
Q
Conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder
A
Ureters
15
Q
Small, muscular tubes about 25 cm long and 5 mm in diameter
A
Ureters
16
Q
What are the three layers of the ureter wall?
A
- An inner mucosa (mucous membrane)
- A smooth muscle layer
- Outer fibrous coat of connective tissue
17
Q
Peristaltic contractions cause urine to what?
A
To enter the bladder even if a person is lying down
18
Q
How does the urine enter the bladder?
A
In spurts that occur at the rate of one to five per minute
19
Q
Stores urine until it is expelled from the body
A
Urinary bladder
20
Q
What are the bladders three openings?
A
Two for the ureters and one for the urethra, which drains the bladder
21
Q
Why is the bladder wall expandable?
A
Because it contains a middle layer of circular fibers of smooth muscle
22
Q
The epithelium of the mucosa becomes thinner, and folds in the mucosa called?
A
Rugae disappear as the bladder enlarges
23
Q
The bladders rugae are similar to those of?
A
The stomach
24
Q
What enable the bladder to stretch and contain an increased volume of urine?
A
A layer of transitional epithelium
25
Passes urine to outside
Urethra
26
Stores urine
Urinary bladder
27
Transports urine
Ureters
28
Produce urine
Kidneys
29
Produce aldosterone
Adrenal glands
30
What happens after the urine enters the bladder from a ureter?
Small folds of bladder mucosa act like a valve to prevent backward flow
31
What two things that are close in proximity are found where the urethra exits the bladder?
Two sphincters
32
Where does the internal sphincter occur?
Around the opening to the urethra
33
Composed of smooth muscle and is involuntary controlled
The internal sphincter
34
Composed of skeletal muscle that can be voluntarily controlled
External sphincter
35
When the urinary bladder fills to about 250 mL with urine, what are activated by the enlargement of the bladder?
Stretch receptors
36
What signals do the stretch receptors send?
They send sensory nerve signals to the spinal cord
37
What causes the urinary bladder to contract and what happens when they do contract?
Motor nerve impulses from the spinal cord cause the urinary bladder to contract and the sphincters to relax so the urination is possible
38
Another name for urination
Micturition
39
Small tube the extends from the urinary bladder to an external opening
Urethra
40
It's function is to remove urine from the body
Urethra
41
Why is bacterial invasion of the urinary tract easier in females than males?
Because the urethra is smaller in females than it is in males
42
As the urethra leaves the male urinary bladder what is it encircled by?
the prostate gland
43
What can restrict the flow or urine in the urethra for men?
The prostate sometimes enlarges, restricting the flow or urine in the urethra
44
In females, what two systems are NOT connected?
The reproductive and urinary
45
For males, what does the urethra carry?
It carries urine during urination and sperm during ejaculation
46
The kidneys excrete?
Metabolic wastes, notably nitrogenous wastes
47
What is the primary nitrogenous end product of metabolism in human beings?
Urea
48
Besides urea, humans also excrete?
Some ammonium, creatinine, and uric acid
49
By-product of amino acid metabolism
Urea
50
The breakdown of amino acids in the liver releases
Ammonia, a compound that is very toxic to cells
51
What does the liver combine to produce urea?
The liver rapidly combines the ammonia with carbon dioxide to produce urea
52
High-energy phosphate reserve molecule in muscles?
Creatine
53
The metabolic breakdown of creatine phosphate results in?
Creatinine
54
What produces uric acid?
The breakdown of nucleotides, such as those containing adenine and thymine
55
Is uric acid soluble or insoluble?
Insoluble
56
What happens if too much uric acid is present in blood?
Crystals form and precipitate out
57
What is gout?
It is when crystals of uric acid collect in the joints which produces a painful ailment
58
To maintain appropriate water-salt balance of the blood is a principle function of what organ?
kidneys
59
Blood volume is intimately associated with what?
The salt balance of the body
60
The more salts there are in the blood the?
The greater the blood volume and the greater the pressure
61
What organ is involved in regulating blood pressure?
Kidneys
62
Kidneys regulate why type of balance in the blood?
Acid-base
63
How do the kidneys monitor and help control blood pH?
By excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing the bicarbonate ions as need to keep blood pH at 7.4
64
What assists the endocrine system in hormone secretion?
Kidneys
65
What type of enzyme do the kidneys release and what does it do?
They release renin, an enzyme that leads to aldosterone secretion
66
Where do the adrenal glands lie?
Atop the kidneys
67
Hormone secreted by the kidneys
Erythropoietin (EPO)
68
What happens when blood oxygen decreases?
EPO increases red blood cell synthesis by stem cells in the bone marrow
69
When the concentration of RBC's increase what also increases?
Blood oxygen
70
What is prescribed for people with kidney failure?
Genetically engineered EPO
71
Failing kidneys produce less
EPO, resulting in fewer RBC's and symptoms of fatigue
72
Supplemental EPO will increase
RBC synthesis and energy levels
73
What reabsorbs filtered nutrients and synthesize vitamin D
The kidneys
74
A molecule that promotes calcium ion (Ca2+) absorption from the digestive tract
Vitamin D
75
The three regions of the kidney
1. The renal cortex: an outer, granulated layer that dips down in between a radially striated inner layer called the renal medulla
2. The renal medulla: Consists of cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids
3. The renal pelvis: A central space, or cavity, continuous with the ureter
76
What is the kidney composed of?
Over 1 million nephrons, sometimes called renal, or kidney, tubules
77
Filters blood and produces urine
Nephrons
78
What is significant about the position of nephrons?
They are positioned so that the urine flows into a collecting duct
79
Where do the collecting ducts enter?
They eventually enter the renal pelvis
80
Each nephron has its own what?
Blood supply including two capillary regions
81
From the renal artery, an afferent arteriole transports blood to?
The glomerulus, a knot of capillaries inside the glomerular capsule
82
Blood leaving the glomerulus is carried away by?
The efferent arteriole
83
Why is blood pressure higher in the glomerulus because?
The efferent arteriole is narrower than the afferent arteriole
84
The efferent arteriole divides and forms the?
Peritubular capillary network, which surrounds the rest of the nephron
85
Where does blood from the efferent arteriole travel through?
It travels through the peritubular capillary network. Then the blood goes into a venule that carries blood into the renal vein
86
Each nephron is made up of how many parts?
Several
87
The specific structure of each part of a nephron is?
Especially suited to a particular function
88
The closed end of the nephron is pushed in on itself to form
A cuplike structure called the glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)
89
The outer layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of?
Squamous epithelial cells
90
The inner layer of the glomerular is made up of?
Podocytes that have long cytoplasmic extensions
91
The podocytes cling to the?
capillary walls of the glomerulus and leave pores that allow easy passage of small molecules from the glomerulus to the inside of the glomerular capsule. This process produces a filtrate of the blood
92
Cuboidal epithelial cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule part of the nephron have what?
Numerous microvilli that are tightly packed and form a "brush border"
93
A brush border greatly increases the surface area for what?
The tubular reabsorption of filtrate components
94
Each cell has many mitochondria which supply what?
Energy for active transport of molecules from the lumen to the peritubular capillary network
95
What is the loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)?
It is when simple squamous epithelium appears as the tube narrows and makes a U-turn
96
What does each loop consist of?
A descending limb and an ascending limb
97
What does the descending limb of the loop allow?
It allows water to diffuse into tissue surrounding the nephron
98
What does the ascending limb do?
The ascending limb actively transports salt from its lumen to interstitial tissue
99
The cuboidal epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule have numerous mitochondria, but they lack?
Microvilli
100
Because the cuboidal epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule lack microvilli what does that mean?
It means that the distal convoluted tubule is not specialized for reabsorption
101
What is the primary function of the cuboidal epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule?
Its primary function is ion exchange
102
What happens during and ion exchange?
Cells reabsorb certain ions, returning them to the blood. Other ions are secreted from the blood into the tubule
103
The distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons enter?
One collecting duct
104
Many collecting ducts carry?
Urine to the renal pelvis
105
What always lies within the renal cortex?
The glomerular capsule and the convoluted tubules
106
The loop of the nephron dips down into the?
Renal medulla
107
A few nephrons have a very long loop of the nephron, which penetrates deep into the?
Renal medulla.
108
Collecting ducts are also located in the
Renal medulla, and together along with the nephrons, give the renal pyramids their appearance
