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Human Biology > Chapter 10.1-10.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 10.1-10.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The organ system of the body that plays a major role in maintaining the salt, water, and pH homeostasis of the blood is?

A

The urinary system

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2
Q

The removal of metabolic waste from the body

A

Excretion

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3
Q

The metabolic waste materials from the body are the by products of?

A

The normal activities of the cells and tissues

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4
Q

Excretion in humans is performed by?

A

The formation and discharge of urine from the body

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5
Q

The urinary system consists of the organs…

A

Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, and Urethra

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6
Q

Paired organs located near the small of the back on either side of the vertebral column.

A

Kidneys

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7
Q

Where do the kidneys lie?

A

They lie in depressions beneath the peritoneum, where they receive some protection from the lower rib cage

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8
Q

What organs are bean shaped and reddish-brown in color?

A

Kidneys

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9
Q

What type of covering do the kidneys have?

A

A tough capsule of fibrous connective tissue, called renal capsule

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10
Q

Masses of what type of tissue adhere to each kidney?

A

Adipose tissue

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11
Q

The concave side of a kidney has a depression where?

A

A renal artery enters and a renal vein and a ureter exit the kidney

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12
Q

The Renal artery does what?

A

Transports blood to be filtered to the kidneys

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13
Q

The Renal vein does what?

A

Carries filtered blood away from the kidneys

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14
Q

Conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Ureters

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15
Q

Small, muscular tubes about 25 cm long and 5 mm in diameter

A

Ureters

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16
Q

What are the three layers of the ureter wall?

A
  1. An inner mucosa (mucous membrane)
  2. A smooth muscle layer
  3. Outer fibrous coat of connective tissue
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17
Q

Peristaltic contractions cause urine to what?

A

To enter the bladder even if a person is lying down

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18
Q

How does the urine enter the bladder?

A

In spurts that occur at the rate of one to five per minute

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19
Q

Stores urine until it is expelled from the body

A

Urinary bladder

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20
Q

What are the bladders three openings?

A

Two for the ureters and one for the urethra, which drains the bladder

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21
Q

Why is the bladder wall expandable?

A

Because it contains a middle layer of circular fibers of smooth muscle

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22
Q

The epithelium of the mucosa becomes thinner, and folds in the mucosa called?

A

Rugae disappear as the bladder enlarges

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23
Q

The bladders rugae are similar to those of?

A

The stomach

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24
Q

What enable the bladder to stretch and contain an increased volume of urine?

A

A layer of transitional epithelium

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25
Q

Passes urine to outside

A

Urethra

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26
Q

Stores urine

A

Urinary bladder

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27
Q

Transports urine

A

Ureters

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28
Q

Produce urine

A

Kidneys

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29
Q

Produce aldosterone

A

Adrenal glands

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30
Q

What happens after the urine enters the bladder from a ureter?

A

Small folds of bladder mucosa act like a valve to prevent backward flow

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31
Q

What two things that are close in proximity are found where the urethra exits the bladder?

A

Two sphincters

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32
Q

Where does the internal sphincter occur?

A

Around the opening to the urethra

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33
Q

Composed of smooth muscle and is involuntary controlled

A

The internal sphincter

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34
Q

Composed of skeletal muscle that can be voluntarily controlled

A

External sphincter

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35
Q

When the urinary bladder fills to about 250 mL with urine, what are activated by the enlargement of the bladder?

A

Stretch receptors

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36
Q

What signals do the stretch receptors send?

A

They send sensory nerve signals to the spinal cord

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37
Q

What causes the urinary bladder to contract and what happens when they do contract?

A

Motor nerve impulses from the spinal cord cause the urinary bladder to contract and the sphincters to relax so the urination is possible

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38
Q

Another name for urination

A

Micturition

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39
Q

Small tube the extends from the urinary bladder to an external opening

A

Urethra

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40
Q

It’s function is to remove urine from the body

A

Urethra

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41
Q

Why is bacterial invasion of the urinary tract easier in females than males?

A

Because the urethra is smaller in females than it is in males

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42
Q

As the urethra leaves the male urinary bladder what is it encircled by?

A

the prostate gland

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43
Q

What can restrict the flow or urine in the urethra for men?

A

The prostate sometimes enlarges, restricting the flow or urine in the urethra

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44
Q

In females, what two systems are NOT connected?

A

The reproductive and urinary

45
Q

For males, what does the urethra carry?

A

It carries urine during urination and sperm during ejaculation

46
Q

The kidneys excrete?

A

Metabolic wastes, notably nitrogenous wastes

47
Q

What is the primary nitrogenous end product of metabolism in human beings?

A

Urea

48
Q

Besides urea, humans also excrete?

A

Some ammonium, creatinine, and uric acid

49
Q

By-product of amino acid metabolism

A

Urea

50
Q

The breakdown of amino acids in the liver releases

A

Ammonia, a compound that is very toxic to cells

51
Q

What does the liver combine to produce urea?

A

The liver rapidly combines the ammonia with carbon dioxide to produce urea

52
Q

High-energy phosphate reserve molecule in muscles?

A

Creatine

53
Q

The metabolic breakdown of creatine phosphate results in?

A

Creatinine

54
Q

What produces uric acid?

A

The breakdown of nucleotides, such as those containing adenine and thymine

55
Q

Is uric acid soluble or insoluble?

A

Insoluble

56
Q

What happens if too much uric acid is present in blood?

A

Crystals form and precipitate out

57
Q

What is gout?

A

It is when crystals of uric acid collect in the joints which produces a painful ailment

58
Q

To maintain appropriate water-salt balance of the blood is a principle function of what organ?

A

kidneys

59
Q

Blood volume is intimately associated with what?

A

The salt balance of the body

60
Q

The more salts there are in the blood the?

A

The greater the blood volume and the greater the pressure

61
Q

What organ is involved in regulating blood pressure?

A

Kidneys

62
Q

Kidneys regulate why type of balance in the blood?

A

Acid-base

63
Q

How do the kidneys monitor and help control blood pH?

A

By excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing the bicarbonate ions as need to keep blood pH at 7.4

64
Q

What assists the endocrine system in hormone secretion?

A

Kidneys

65
Q

What type of enzyme do the kidneys release and what does it do?

A

They release renin, an enzyme that leads to aldosterone secretion

66
Q

Where do the adrenal glands lie?

A

Atop the kidneys

67
Q

Hormone secreted by the kidneys

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

68
Q

What happens when blood oxygen decreases?

A

EPO increases red blood cell synthesis by stem cells in the bone marrow

69
Q

When the concentration of RBC’s increase what also increases?

A

Blood oxygen

70
Q

What is prescribed for people with kidney failure?

A

Genetically engineered EPO

71
Q

Failing kidneys produce less

A

EPO, resulting in fewer RBC’s and symptoms of fatigue

72
Q

Supplemental EPO will increase

A

RBC synthesis and energy levels

73
Q

What reabsorbs filtered nutrients and synthesize vitamin D

A

The kidneys

74
Q

A molecule that promotes calcium ion (Ca2+) absorption from the digestive tract

A

Vitamin D

75
Q

The three regions of the kidney

A
  1. The renal cortex: an outer, granulated layer that dips down in between a radially striated inner layer called the renal medulla
  2. The renal medulla: Consists of cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids
  3. The renal pelvis: A central space, or cavity, continuous with the ureter
76
Q

What is the kidney composed of?

A

Over 1 million nephrons, sometimes called renal, or kidney, tubules

77
Q

Filters blood and produces urine

A

Nephrons

78
Q

What is significant about the position of nephrons?

A

They are positioned so that the urine flows into a collecting duct

79
Q

Where do the collecting ducts enter?

A

They eventually enter the renal pelvis

80
Q

Each nephron has its own what?

A

Blood supply including two capillary regions

81
Q

From the renal artery, an afferent arteriole transports blood to?

A

The glomerulus, a knot of capillaries inside the glomerular capsule

82
Q

Blood leaving the glomerulus is carried away by?

A

The efferent arteriole

83
Q

Why is blood pressure higher in the glomerulus because?

A

The efferent arteriole is narrower than the afferent arteriole

84
Q

The efferent arteriole divides and forms the?

A

Peritubular capillary network, which surrounds the rest of the nephron

85
Q

Where does blood from the efferent arteriole travel through?

A

It travels through the peritubular capillary network. Then the blood goes into a venule that carries blood into the renal vein

86
Q

Each nephron is made up of how many parts?

A

Several

87
Q

The specific structure of each part of a nephron is?

A

Especially suited to a particular function

88
Q

The closed end of the nephron is pushed in on itself to form

A

A cuplike structure called the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

89
Q

The outer layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of?

A

Squamous epithelial cells

90
Q

The inner layer of the glomerular is made up of?

A

Podocytes that have long cytoplasmic extensions

91
Q

The podocytes cling to the?

A

capillary walls of the glomerulus and leave pores that allow easy passage of small molecules from the glomerulus to the inside of the glomerular capsule. This process produces a filtrate of the blood

92
Q

Cuboidal epithelial cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule part of the nephron have what?

A

Numerous microvilli that are tightly packed and form a “brush border”

93
Q

A brush border greatly increases the surface area for what?

A

The tubular reabsorption of filtrate components

94
Q

Each cell has many mitochondria which supply what?

A

Energy for active transport of molecules from the lumen to the peritubular capillary network

95
Q

What is the loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)?

A

It is when simple squamous epithelium appears as the tube narrows and makes a U-turn

96
Q

What does each loop consist of?

A

A descending limb and an ascending limb

97
Q

What does the descending limb of the loop allow?

A

It allows water to diffuse into tissue surrounding the nephron

98
Q

What does the ascending limb do?

A

The ascending limb actively transports salt from its lumen to interstitial tissue

99
Q

The cuboidal epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule have numerous mitochondria, but they lack?

A

Microvilli

100
Q

Because the cuboidal epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule lack microvilli what does that mean?

A

It means that the distal convoluted tubule is not specialized for reabsorption

101
Q

What is the primary function of the cuboidal epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Its primary function is ion exchange

102
Q

What happens during and ion exchange?

A

Cells reabsorb certain ions, returning them to the blood. Other ions are secreted from the blood into the tubule

103
Q

The distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons enter?

A

One collecting duct

104
Q

Many collecting ducts carry?

A

Urine to the renal pelvis

105
Q

What always lies within the renal cortex?

A

The glomerular capsule and the convoluted tubules

106
Q

The loop of the nephron dips down into the?

A

Renal medulla

107
Q

A few nephrons have a very long loop of the nephron, which penetrates deep into the?

A

Renal medulla.

108
Q

Collecting ducts are also located in the

A

Renal medulla, and together along with the nephrons, give the renal pyramids their appearance

Human Biology (42 decks)

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