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Human Biology > Chapter 15 Packet > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Packet Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Any chemical released by one cell that acts upon another cell (target cell)

A

Signaling molecules

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2
Q

Neurotransmitters are released by what and have what effect?

A

Axon endings of neurons; they have immediate effect on the adjacent cell (neuron, muscle, or gland) across the synaptic cleft

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3
Q

Released by many types of cells; they have their effect in the immediate area; e.g. prostaglandins

A

Local signaling molecules

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4
Q

Hormones are secreted by?

A

Endocrine glands, endocrine cells, and some neurons; they travel via the blood stream to distant target cells

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5
Q

What are the signaling molecules?

A

1) Neurotransmitters
2) Local signaling molecules
3) Hormones
4) Pheromones

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6
Q

These signaling molecules are released to the outside of the body

A

Pheromones

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7
Q

What effect do pheromones have?

A

They have an effect on other individuals of the same species.

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8
Q

While more overt effects of pheromones are seen in other species, in humans ?

A

The vomeronasal organ can detect some pheromones

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9
Q

What are the 3 common types of hormone interactions

A

1) Opposing interaction
2) Synergistic
3) Permissive interaction actions

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10
Q

What is opposing interactions

A

When the effect of one hormone opposed the effect of another

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11
Q

When the sum total of actions of two or more hormones is required to produce the desired effect on the target cells

A

Synergistic interaction

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12
Q

What is permissive interaction actions

A

When certain target cells must be primed by one hormone in order to be affected by another hormone

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13
Q

Endocrine organs

A

1) Hypothalamus
2) Pituitary gland
3) Pineal gland
4) Thyroid gland
5) Parathyroid gland
6) Thymus
7) Adrenal glands
8) Pancreatic islets
9) Ovaries
10) Testes

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14
Q

Hormones secreted by the Posterior pituitary gland and the main targets for each hormone

A

Antidiuretic (ADH): Kidneys

Oxytocin: Mammary glands, uterus

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15
Q

What is the primary action of the posterior pituitary gland

A
  • H2O reabsorption and conservation.
  • Induces milk movement into secretory ducts.
  • Induces uterine contractions
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16
Q

Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A

1) Trophic hormones: ACTH, TSH, FSH, LC
2) Prolactin (PRL)
3) Growth hormone (GH)

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17
Q

Main target for the Anterior pituitary hormones

A

1) Adrenal cortex
2) Thyroid gland
3) Ovaries, testes
4) Mammary glands
5) Most cells

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18
Q

Primary action from the Anterior pituitary gland

A
  • Stimulates release of adrenal steroid hormones
  • Stimulates release of thyroid hormones
  • Stimulates gamete formation
  • Stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum formation
  • Stimulates testosterone secretion, sperm release
  • Stimulates and sustains milk production
  • Promotes growth, glucose/protein metabolism
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19
Q

Hormones secreted by the Pancreatic islets and their main target

A

Hormones: Insulin and Glucagon

Main target: Muscle, adipose, liver

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20
Q

Primary action for pancreatic islets gland

A
  • Lowers blood sugar level

* Raises blood sugar level

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21
Q

Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex gland and their main target

A

Hormone: Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids (includes aldosterone)
Main target: Most cells, kidney

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22
Q

Primary action from the Adrenal cortex gland

A
  • Promotes protein breakdown and conversion to glucose

* Promotes Na+ reabsorption, control of salt-water balance

23
Q

Hormones secreted by the Adrenal medulla gland and their main target

A

Hormones: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Main target: Liver, Muscle, adipose tissue, blood vessel, smooth muscle

24
Q

Primary action from the adrenal medulla

A
  • Raises blood sugar and fatty acid levels
  • Increases both rate and force of heart contractions
  • Promotes constriction or dilation of blood vessels
25
Q

Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland and their main target

A

Hormones: Thyroxine and Calcitonin

Main target: Most cells & bone

26
Q

Primary action from the thyroid gland

A
  • Regulates metabolism, growth & development

* Lowers blood Ca++ level

27
Q

Hormone secreted by the Parathyroid gland and their main target

A

Hormone: Parathyroid h. (PTH)

Main target: Bone & kidney

28
Q

Primary action by the parathyroid gland

A

Raises blood Ca++ level

29
Q

Hormone secreted by the thymus gland and its main target

A

Hormone: Thymosins

Main target: Lymphocytes

30
Q

Primary action from the thymus gland

A

Roles in immune response

31
Q

Hormones secreted by the gonads testes (males) and ovaries (female) and their main targets

A

Gonads testes hormone: Androgens (includes testosterone
Ovaries (female): Estrogens & progesterone
Main targets: General, uterus & breats

32
Q

Primary action by gonads (testes) and ovaries

A
  • Role in development of genitals & maintenance of male/female sexual traits, sperm formation & growth
  • Required for egg maturation & release, proliferation of uterine lining
  • Prepares & maintains uterine lining for pregnancy, stimulates breast development
33
Q

Hormones secreted by the pineal gland and its main target

A

Hormone: Melatonin

Main target: Hypothalamus

34
Q

Primary action from the pineal

A

Influences daily biorhythms

35
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized from

A

Cholesterol (a form lipid), thus is lipid soluble

36
Q

These hormones can readily diffuse through cell membranes and bind to an internal receptor molecule within the cell

A

Steroid hormones

37
Q

The steroid will either diffuse into the cell nucleus and bind to a receptor there, or

A

It will bind w/the receptor in the cytoplasm, & then the hormone-receptor complex together will move into the cell nucleus

38
Q

The hormone-receptor complex will interact with a

A

Specific segment of the cells DNA to either trigger protein synthesis or shut it off

39
Q

Include derivatives of amino acids (amines & peptide hormones), larger proteins, or proteins bound to oligosaccharides (glycoproteins). These are H2O soluble

A

Proteinaceous hormones

40
Q

The proteinaceous hormone receptor complex can enter the cell through

A

Endocytosis & the effect target cell activity

41
Q

How can the hormone-receptor complex trigger activity by the target cell for proteinaceous hormones?

A

By altering membrane activity transport & channel proteins

42
Q

Binding of the proteinaceous hormones to the membrane bound receptor can trigger with

A

Second messengers within the cell which has a go-between eliciting the target cells response

43
Q

One hormone receptor complex can trigger many of what

A

Second messengers, thus triggering an amplified intracellular effect from the hormone

44
Q

The master endocrine gland, the pituitary gland, is controlled by what

A

The hypothalamus

45
Q

Hypothalamic neurons release hormones in two ways

A

1) Neurons synthesize ADH & oxytocin, then release the FIND ANSWER

46
Q

The hypothalamus receives input for what

A

Positive and negative feedback control

47
Q

Predominantly nervous tissue extensions of the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary lobe

48
Q

Predominantly glandular tissue that respond to releasing/inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus

A

Anterior pituitary lobe

49
Q

What are prostaglandins

A

16 kinds of fatty acids which have their effects on smooth muscle

50
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of prostaglandins

A

1) influence localized blood flow by vasocanstriction or vasodilation
2) similar effect on smooth muscle of the bronchides
3) aggravate tissue inflammation & allergic reactions
4) contribue to: menstrual cramping; w/oxytocine, uterine contractins during labor; in cycles where no pregnancy occurs, death of the corpus luteum; presence of sperm may result in uterine contractions that help move sperm deeper into the uterine tubes

51
Q

Growth factors influence growth of

A

Specific cells by regulating the rate at which certain cells divide

52
Q

Growth factors target cells are in the immediate vicinity of

A

The releasing cells, they play a role in development by guiding the direction of growth

53
Q

May be used someday to hasten wound healing, even perhaps spinal cord injuries

A

Growth factors

Human Biology (42 decks)

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