Chapter 15 Packet Flashcards
Any chemical released by one cell that acts upon another cell (target cell)
Signaling molecules
Neurotransmitters are released by what and have what effect?
Axon endings of neurons; they have immediate effect on the adjacent cell (neuron, muscle, or gland) across the synaptic cleft
Released by many types of cells; they have their effect in the immediate area; e.g. prostaglandins
Local signaling molecules
Hormones are secreted by?
Endocrine glands, endocrine cells, and some neurons; they travel via the blood stream to distant target cells
What are the signaling molecules?
1) Neurotransmitters
2) Local signaling molecules
3) Hormones
4) Pheromones
These signaling molecules are released to the outside of the body
Pheromones
What effect do pheromones have?
They have an effect on other individuals of the same species.
While more overt effects of pheromones are seen in other species, in humans ?
The vomeronasal organ can detect some pheromones
What are the 3 common types of hormone interactions
1) Opposing interaction
2) Synergistic
3) Permissive interaction actions
What is opposing interactions
When the effect of one hormone opposed the effect of another
When the sum total of actions of two or more hormones is required to produce the desired effect on the target cells
Synergistic interaction
What is permissive interaction actions
When certain target cells must be primed by one hormone in order to be affected by another hormone
Endocrine organs
1) Hypothalamus
2) Pituitary gland
3) Pineal gland
4) Thyroid gland
5) Parathyroid gland
6) Thymus
7) Adrenal glands
8) Pancreatic islets
9) Ovaries
10) Testes
Hormones secreted by the Posterior pituitary gland and the main targets for each hormone
Antidiuretic (ADH): Kidneys
Oxytocin: Mammary glands, uterus
What is the primary action of the posterior pituitary gland
- H2O reabsorption and conservation.
- Induces milk movement into secretory ducts.
- Induces uterine contractions
Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
1) Trophic hormones: ACTH, TSH, FSH, LC
2) Prolactin (PRL)
3) Growth hormone (GH)
Main target for the Anterior pituitary hormones
1) Adrenal cortex
2) Thyroid gland
3) Ovaries, testes
4) Mammary glands
5) Most cells
Primary action from the Anterior pituitary gland
- Stimulates release of adrenal steroid hormones
- Stimulates release of thyroid hormones
- Stimulates gamete formation
- Stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum formation
- Stimulates testosterone secretion, sperm release
- Stimulates and sustains milk production
- Promotes growth, glucose/protein metabolism
Hormones secreted by the Pancreatic islets and their main target
Hormones: Insulin and Glucagon
Main target: Muscle, adipose, liver
Primary action for pancreatic islets gland
- Lowers blood sugar level
* Raises blood sugar level
Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex gland and their main target
Hormone: Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids (includes aldosterone)
Main target: Most cells, kidney
Primary action from the Adrenal cortex gland
- Promotes protein breakdown and conversion to glucose
* Promotes Na+ reabsorption, control of salt-water balance
Hormones secreted by the Adrenal medulla gland and their main target
Hormones: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Main target: Liver, Muscle, adipose tissue, blood vessel, smooth muscle
Primary action from the adrenal medulla
- Raises blood sugar and fatty acid levels
- Increases both rate and force of heart contractions
- Promotes constriction or dilation of blood vessels
