Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Biology > Chapter 11 and 12 Course Packet > Flashcards

Chapter 11 and 12 Course Packet Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How can our CNS command our bodies to move?

A

From signals generated from the primary motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What two organ systems are required in order for signals to generate conscious body movements?

A

The skeletal system and the muscular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Is bone considered living tissue or nonliving tissue?

A

Living tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functions of bone include?

A

1) Movement
2) Protection
3) Support
4) Mineral storage
5) Blood cell formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe bone movement

A

Muscles attached to the skeletal frame can maintain or change body position by contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe bone protection

A

Bones can form bony compartments that enclose and protect the brain, lungs and other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe bone support

A

Bones support and anchor muscles (serve as a frame)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe bones mineral storage

A

Bone can be likened to “calcium-phosphate bank” for depositing and withdrawing mineral ions to maintain homeostasis and support metabolic activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe bones blood cell formation

A

Some bones contain regions which are responsible for the body’s blood cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the structure of compact bone?

A

Surrounded by periosteum, dense, organized layers of parallel osteons. Each osteon has a central canal which carries blood vessels and nerves, concentric rings of dense bone with interspersed lacunae which house the living cells (osteocytes), and many small canaliculi which allows nutrients/wastes to move in/out of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the location of compact bones?

A

found in the outer layer of bones under the periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the functions of compact bones

A

serves as the main region of bone to withstand mechanical stresses. Also the main depository of mineral ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the structure of the spongy bone?

A

Much less calcified minerals, looks like a sponge of flattened struts fused to form a latticework. In some bones, allows room for yellow (fat) marrow and/or red marrow (blood stem cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the location of the spongy bone?

A

centrally located within the middle of long bone (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula) shafts, and irregularly shaped bones (pelvic girdle and sternum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the functions of the spongy bone?

A

Lightens the weight of the bone without much sacrifice of strength. Allows space for yellow and red marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Osteo=

A

Dealing with bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cytes=

A

Dealing with cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Early in utero, our bodies develop a?

A

Cartilage skeleton, which serves as a template for osteoblasts, which begins to clacify the cartilage from the outside in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

At the embryonic stage of the cartilage skeleton what happens?

A

Because the cartilage needed vascular supply, the bone was laid down around the blood vessels. This becomes the aversion system in compact bone, and the osteoblasts become osteocytes within the lacunae of osteons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In prepubescent children what is still present?

A

The remnant of embryonic cartilage is still present in the epiphyseal plates of long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In response to growth hormone (GH), what remains cartilaginous?

A

Epiphyseal plates remain cartilaginous and those bones can continue to lengthen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

By late adolescence, what are replaced?

A

The epiphyseal plates are replaced by bone and growth stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In addition to increasing bone length, bone is?

A

Continually shaped and reshaped (what is called bone remodeling) by both: 1) physiological demands (calcium and phosphate) 2) physical (muscular) forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bone can be likened to?

A

Calcium bank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Calcium is essential to many body functions and if blood calcium is too low what happens?

A

The body will make a “withdrawal” by releasing parathyroid hormone (PTH) which stimulates osteoclasts to break dissolve some bone to release Ca++ into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens if blood calcium is higher than needed?

A

The thyroid gland releases calcitonin which stimulates osteoblasts to make a deposit of Ca++ into new bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Osteoblasts are stimulated by?

A

Mechanical stress to increase bone density to handle stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens during orthodontic movement of teeth?

A

Pressure causes increased osteoclastic activity which equals bone is removed;
tension causes increased osteoblastic activity which equals bone is laid down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Skull (cranial and facial bones); rib cage; and vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), humerus, radius, ulna, Pelvic girdle, femur, patella, fibula, tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Joints are?

A

Articulations of areas of contact or near-contact between bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the types of joints?

A

1) Synovial joints
2) Cartilaginous joints
3) Fibrous joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Characteristics of synovial joints

A

A cavity or capsule surrounds the joint and is filled with synovial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Degree of movement for synovial joints

A

Freely movable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Examples of synovial joints

A

Ball and socket (hip); hinge (elbow or knee)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Characteristics of cartilaginous joints

A

Cartilage fills the space between bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Degree of movement for cartilaginous joints

A

Only slight movement

38
Q

Examples of cartilaginous joints

A

Between vertebrae, between sternum and some of the ribs

39
Q

Characteristics of fibrous joints

A

Dense, fibrous connective tissue unites bones

40
Q

Degree of movement for fibrous joints

A

Into adulthood, almost immovable

41
Q

Examples of fibrous joints

A

Between flat cranial bones, between L and R pubis bones

42
Q

Types of movement

A

Extension-flexion; abduction-adduction; rotation; circumduction

43
Q

Replacement materials

A

Over the decades of use, materials used for artificial joints/bones have improved. From soft stainless steel to titanium or cobalt chromium

44
Q

Replacement implementation

A

Surgeons and physical therapists have enhanced recovery so much that people can walk mere days after surgery

45
Q

3 types of muscles

A

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal

46
Q

Skeletal is also called

A

Striated

47
Q

Muscles can only function by?

A

Contraction, shortened muscle can lengthen only by relaxation, but not active work

48
Q

Muscles are?

A

Several bundles surrounded by an outer sheath of connective tissues

49
Q

One bundle of muscle cells are?

A

Each surround by connective tissue

50
Q

One muscle cell (many myofibrils) are?

A

Multinucleated cell, also called muscle fiber

51
Q

Myofibrils can?

A

See striations (that’s why skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle)

52
Q

Muscle unit of contraction?

A

Sarcomere

53
Q

Each sarcomere goes from?

A

z-line to z-line

54
Q

Sarcomere is principally made up of 2 types of protein macromolecules

A

Actin and myosin

55
Q

Most current understanding of muscle contraction is called>

A

The sliding-filament model

56
Q

What happens to the sliding filament model when stimulated?

A

The heads of the thicker filament of myosin will form cross bridges with the thinner filaments of actin. If there is adequate ATP, the myosin heads will power stroke, detach, reattach and power stroke again. This shortens each sarcomere and thus the entire muscle

57
Q

The primary motor cortex initiates what for conscious movement?

A

The neural signal

58
Q

The axon of the motor neuron exits the?

A

Spinal cord eventually branching off and ending at the neuromuscular junction, also called the motor end plate

59
Q

The axon ending release?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) into the synaptic cleft

60
Q

During the neural control of muscles, signals are carried along the?

A

Muscle cell plasma membrane and end up in small extensions of the muscle cell plasma membrane.

61
Q

Where do the extensions of the muscle cell plasma membrane penetrate into?

A

These extensions or T tubules penetrate into the interior of the muscle cell. Connecting with the internal smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

62
Q

In muscle cells (SER) is called the?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum, and it’s function is to store Ca++ and then release it when the nerve signals hits

63
Q

What happens when Ca++ hits myofibrils

A

The myosin can form those cross-bridges with actin and the contraction can commence

64
Q

During contraction, ATP utilization can exceed

A

20 to 100 times as when the muscle is resting. Because of the potentially high ATP demand, skeletal muscle cells must have additional sources of ATP

65
Q

What are the additional sources of ATP?

A

1) Pathway 1: Dephospharylation of creatine phosphate (rapid)
2) Pathway 2: Aerobic respiration (slow)
3) Pathway 3: Glycolysis (rapid but not as much ATP produced)
4) Anaerobic respiration: With intense exercise, the need for ATP production can exceed the above 3 pathways. The muscle will begin to accumulate and O2 debt, by borrowing off of anaerobic pathways, which also results in the accumulation of lactic acid

66
Q

Term used to describe the mechanical force a contracted muscle can exert. But only if this force overcomes the load, does the muscle actually shorten

A

Muscle tension

67
Q

Isometric is

A

Contraction results when muscles contract but do NOT shorten

68
Q

Isotonic is

A

(Concentric) contraction results when muscles contract AND shorten under a constant load

69
Q

Motor units equal

A

The motor neuron and the muscle cells it controls

70
Q

The muscle twitch is

A

From a single stimulation of a single motor unit

71
Q

Temporal summation is

A

When repeating stimulations enter before the relaxation phase from the the previous twitch is completed

72
Q

Tetany occurs?

A

Occurs near or at maximum temporal summation. Over the whole muscle, different motor units will take turns to postpone muscle fatigue

73
Q

All or nothing principle

A

For individual muscle cells, just like nerve axons

74
Q

Muscle tone is

A

A steady low level contracted state-even a resting muscle has a few motor units contracted, help to stabalize joints, and maintain general muscle health

75
Q

Fast vs. Slow muscle

A

Fast or white muscles have fewer capillaries and less mitochondria and myoglobin, low endurance but contract rapidly and powerfully over short periods.
Slow or red muscles have more capillaries and more mitochondria and myoglobin, high endurance but slower contractions (e.g postural muscles that aid in body support)

76
Q

The human musculoskeletal system has how many muscles?

A

600+

77
Q

What is synergism-Antagonism

A

Some of the muscles contribute to the same movement along a joint, these muscles are synergistic

78
Q

What are examples of four synergistic muscles working together to extend the leg at the knee joint

A

The quadriceps

79
Q

What are antagonistic muscles?

A

Muscles whose contractions work counter other muscles

80
Q

What are some examples of antagonistic muscles?

A

The hamstring are antagonistic to the quadriceps femoris in that they flex the leg at the knee joint

81
Q

Muscles can only work by what?

A

Contraction

82
Q

What is origin?

A

The bone on one side of the muscle, which is relatively motionless is called the origin

83
Q

What is insertion?

A

The attachment of the other side of the muscle is on the bone which is relatively mobile during contraction, this is called insertion

84
Q

What is an example of insertion?

A

The pectoral girdle (the shoulder end of the scapula) is the origin of the biceps brachial, but the insertion is on the forearm bones (the radius)

85
Q

What is required for health in order to maintain muscle tone and sufficient skeletal strength?

A

A certain amount of activity is required

86
Q

Increasing aerobic exercise level benefits health by

A

Increasing metabolic efficiency (they can work longer without becoming fatigued)

87
Q

What are some things that increasing aerobic exercise does?

A

1) Increase the number and size of mitochondria
2) Increase the number of blood capillaries supplying muscle tissue
3) Increase amount of O2-binding pigment myoglobin in muscle tissue

88
Q

What does increase in strength training do?

A

“Pumping iron” increases the number of myofibrils in fast muscle cells, but does NOT increase metabolic efficiency. Muscles can get larger and stronger, but they fatigue rapidly

89
Q

What are anabolic steroids

A

They are prescription drugs of synthetic testosterone and/or its derivatives, used to treat impotence in men and menopausal symptoms in women, as well as part of hormone replacement therapy when needed

90
Q

What are some side effects of anabolic steroids

A

Acne, baldness, shrinking testes, infertility, cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, increase risk of testicular cancer and psychological effects (increase irritability to roid rage and bodybuilder’s psychosis)

Human Biology (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions