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Human Biology > Chapter 18-21 course packet > Flashcards

Chapter 18-21 course packet Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are DNAs macromolecules?

A

1) Proteins
2) Carbohydrates
3) Lipids
4) Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)

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2
Q

What are the building blocks for the four macromolecules?

A

1) Proteins: Amino Acids
2) Carbohydrates: Sugars (monosaccharides)
3) Lipids: Fatty Acids, Glycerol
4) Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides

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3
Q

What makes up each DNA nucleotide?

A

Each DNA nucleotide is made up of 3 things:

1) an inorganic phosphate
2) a deoxyribose monosaccharide
3) one of 4 nitrogenous bases

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4
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases?

A

1) Thymine (T)
2) Cytosine (C)
3) Guanine (G)
4) Adenine (A)

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5
Q

Thymine (T) is

A

Single ringed, wants to form 2 hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

Cytosine (C) is

A

Single ringed, wants to form 3 hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

Guanine (G) is

A

Double ringed, wants to form 3 hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

Adenine (A) is

A

Double ringed, wants to form 2 hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

What two nitrogenous bases wants to form 2 hydrogen bonds?

A

Thymine (T) and Adenine (A)

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10
Q

What two nitrogenous bases wants to form 3 hydrogen bonds?

A

Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G)

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11
Q

Unlike single chains of proteins and carbohydrates, DNA is

A

A double strand

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12
Q

What is RNA?

A

Essentially the same thing as DNA except:

1) It is naturally found as a single strand
2) The monosaccharide is ribose, not deoxyribose
3) C, G,& A are the same, but instead of T, RNA has uracil (U)

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13
Q

What are RNAs four bases?

A

1) Adenine (A)
2) Guanine (G)
3) Cytosine (C)
4) Uracil (U)

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14
Q

These created the proteins

A

Nucleic acids

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15
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

Large molecules that carry lots of small details, specifically all the genetic information for an organism

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16
Q

Nucleic acids are made up of strands of

A

Nucleotides

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17
Q

What is another word for DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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18
Q

What is the double helix and why

A

DNA because DNA contains two strands of nucleotides arranged in a way that makes it look like a twisted ladder

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19
Q

What are the sides of the “ladder” made up of?

A

Made up of sugar and phosphate molecules

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20
Q

What happens between cell divisions (interphase)?

A

All the DNA in every dividing cell will duplicate

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21
Q

After interphase, enzymes cause the hydrogen bonds between the DNA strands to separate, then what happens to the double helix?

A

It untwists and unravels

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22
Q

After the double helix untwists and unravels what happens next?

A

Each of the two original strands stays intact but are exposed for free nucleotides in the cell nucleus to pair up with either parent strand, by forming new hydrogen bonds

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23
Q

What is the enzyme that helps to form covalent bonds between the deoxyribose & phosphate molecules of the newly forming strand?

A

DNA polymerase

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24
Q

What is the result after DNA polymerase forms covalent bonds?

A

The result it two complete DNA double helices where there was previously only one

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25
Q

In each of the two new “spiral staircases”, one of the vertical runners is the original (or is conserved) and the other is the?

A

Newly formed strand

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26
Q

DNA replication is also called?

A

Semiconservative replication

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27
Q

What does DNA serve as?

A

The genetic code, not only for cell replication, but also for guiding protein synthesis

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28
Q

DNA replication is not a process normally visible in cells, but the products of DNA replication can be seen when ?

A

The DNA condenses into chromosomes at cell division

29
Q

During cell division, the entire lengths of the DNA strands will

A

Condense into visible chromosomes

30
Q

We are made up of how many cells?

A

Trillions of cells that began as one

31
Q

You began life when ___ chromosomes from your dads sperm joined the ___ chromosomes from your moms ovum

A

23

32
Q

The fertilized egg, with 23 pairs (46 chromosomes total) successful cell divisions via

A

Mitosis, resulted in the trillions of cells that entails your present physical makeup

33
Q

What is the cell cycle-IPMAT?

A 
I= Interphase synthesis
P= Prophase of Mitosis
M= Metaphase of Mitosis
A= Anaphase of Mitosis
T= Telophase of Mitosis
34
Q

What are the principle events for Interphase?

A
  • Period of cell growth before DNA replicates, DNA uncondensed
  • Period when DNA replicates
  • Period after DNA is replicated, cell prepares for cell division
35
Q

What is the principle events for Prophase of mitosis?

A

1) DNA condenses into visible chromosomes
2) Nuclear membrane disintegrates
3) One of the centriole pairs moves to the opposite poles

36
Q

What is the principle events for Metaphase of mitosis

A

1) Spindle apparatus forms attaching to sister chromatids

2) All 46 chromosomes (in their most condensed form) line up at the equator

37
Q

What is the principle events for Anaphase of mitosis

A

1) The centromeres holding the sister chromatids splits

2) The newly designated chromosomes are pulled to each pole

38
Q

What is the principle events for Telophase of mitosis

A

1) Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane reformes

2) Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)

39
Q

What are chromosomes

A

An intact double helix of DNA with many associated proteins

40
Q

How many types of chromosomes are there in humans

A

23 types

41
Q

One pair of the same type of chromosomes is called

A

Homologous chromosomes or homologues

42
Q

What are chromatids?

A

One of two intact (and replicated) DNA double helix and its associated proteins

43
Q

One chromatid remains attached to its sister chromatid at the ?

A

centromere

44
Q

What are centromeres

A

A small region of a chromosome having attachment sites for the microtubules which helps to move the chromosome during mitosis and meiosis

45
Q

Diploids are

A

The chromosome number of somatic cells and of germ cells prior to meiosis. Such cells have 2 chromosomes from each type

46
Q

A haploid is

A

The chromosome number of a gamete

47
Q

Of eukaryotic species and individuals, the number of metaphase chromosomes in somatic cells and their defining characteristics

A

Karyotype

48
Q

What is the meiosis process?

A

1) Prophase 1 of meiosis 1
2) Metaphase 1
3) Anaphase 1
4) Telophase 1
5) Prophase 2 of meiosis 2
6) Metaphase 2
7) Anaphase 2
8) Telophase 2

49
Q

What happens during Prophase 1 of meiosis 1?

A

1) DNA condenses into visible chromosomes, homologues interact (e.g. crossing over)
2) Nuclear membrane disintegrates
3) One of the centriole pairs moves to the opposite poles

50
Q

What happens during metaphase 1?

A

1) Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator

2) Spindle apparatus forms attaching to the entire homologue (not just a chromatid)

51
Q

What happens during Anaphase 1?

A

The homologues (each with duplicated DNA) separate & move to opposite poles

52
Q

What happens during Telophase 1?

A

The cytoplasm simply undergoes cytokinesis, the two resultant daughter cells are now haploid (n) with 23 chromosomes

53
Q

What happens during Prophase 2 of meiosis 2?

A

There is no DNA replication between meiosis 1 & 2, the DNA was already replicated. The single pair of centrioles splits, with one member moves to the opposite pole

54
Q

What happens during Metaphase 2?

A

1) Spindle apparatus forms attaching to sister chromatids

2) The 23 chromosomes (in their most condensed form) line up at the equator

55
Q

What happens during Anaphase 2?

A

1) The centromeres holding the sister chromatids splits

2) The newly designated chromosomes are pulled to each pole

56
Q

What happens during Telophase 2

A

1) Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane reforms
2) Cytokinesis results in 4 haploid gamers in the male (4 spermatids); 1 haploid gamete in the female (1 ovum + 3 polar bodies)

57
Q

Function of Mitosis

A

Growth, including repair & maintenance

58
Q

Mitosis occurs in

A

Somatic (body) cells

59
Q

Mechanism of mitosis

A

1 round of chromosomes partitioning & cytokinesis

60
Q

Genetic outcome for mitosis

A

Maintains diploid chromosome number: 2n > 2n

61
Q

Mitosis produces

A

Two diploid daughter cells

62
Q

Function of meiosis

A

Gamete production (sperm & eggs)

63
Q

Meiosis occurs in

A

Germ cells in gonads (testes & ovaries)

64
Q

Mechanism of meiosis

A

2 rounds of chromosomes partitioning & cytokinesis

65
Q

Genetic outcome of meiosis

A

Reduces diploid chromosome number in half (haploid): 2n > n

66
Q

Meiosis produces

A

Four haploid daughter cells

67
Q

Autosomal Dominant possible genotypes

A

AA OR Aa= affected

aa= normal

68
Q

Autosomal Recessive possible genotypes

A

AA or Aa=normal
Aa= carrier
aa= affected

Human Biology (42 decks)

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