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Human Biology > Chapter 9 Textbook notes > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Textbook notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

Also called inhalation (breathing in), air is conducted from the atmosphere to the lungs by a series of cavities, tubes, and openings

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2
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Also called exhalation (breathing out), air is conducted from the lungs to the atmosphere

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3
Q

Describe ventilation

A

Another term for breathing that includes both inspiration and expiration.

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4
Q

What happens once ventilation occurs?

A

The respiratory system depends on the cardiovascular system to transport oxygen (O2) from the lungs to the tissues and carry carbon dioxide (CO2) from the tissues to the lungs.

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5
Q

Why is gas exchange necessary?

A

Because the cells of the body carry out cellular respiration to make energy in the form of ATP.

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6
Q

What happens during cellular respiration?

A

Cells use up O2 and produce CO2. The respiratory system provides these cells with O2 and removes CO2

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7
Q

What is involved in the upper respiratory tract?

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Glottis
  4. Larynx
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8
Q

Filters, warms, and moistens air

A

Nasal cavity

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9
Q

Passageway where pathway for air and food cross

A

Pharynx

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10
Q

Space between the vocal chords; opening to larynx

A

Glottis

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11
Q

What are the lower respiratory tracts?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchus
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Lung
  5. Diaphragm
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12
Q

(Windpipe); passage of air to bronchi

A

Trachea

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13
Q

Passage of air to lungs

A

Bronchus

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14
Q

Passage of air to alveoli

A

Bronchioles

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15
Q

Contains alveoli (air sacs); carries out gas exchange

A

Lung

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle; functions in ventilation

A

Diaphragm

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17
Q

What are the three parts of pharynx (throat)?

A
  1. Nasopharynx, where the nasal cavities open above the soft palate
  2. Oropharynx, where the oral cavity opens
  3. Laryngopharynx, which opens into the larynx
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18
Q

Form a protective ring at the junction of the oral cavity and the pharynx

A

Tonsils

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19
Q

What cells do the tonsils contain?

A

Lymphocytes, which protect against invasion of inhaled foreign antigens

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20
Q

Primary defense during breathing

A

Tonsils

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21
Q

What type of cells in the tonsils are prepared to respond to antigens that may subsequently invade internal tissues and fluids?

A

B cells and T cells

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22
Q

In the pharynx, what passages lie parallel to each other and share a common opening in the laryngopharynx?

A

Air passage and food passage

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23
Q

When is the esophagus open?

A

It is normally closed and opens only when a person swallows

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24
Q

What may be done when a passageway remains blocked by food?

A

heimlich maneuver

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25
Q

A cartilaginous structure that serves as a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea

A

Larynx

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26
Q

Why is the larynx called the voice box

A

Because is houses the vocal cords

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27
Q

Mucosal folds supported by elastic ligaments

A

Vocal cords

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28
Q

The slit between the vocal cords

A

Glottis

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29
Q

How do we produce sound?

A

When air is expelled through the glottis, the vocal cords vibrate, producing sound

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30
Q

Loudness or intensity of the voice depends upon

A

The amplitude of the vibrations-the degree to which the vocal cords vibrate

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31
Q

A flap of tissue that prevents food from passing into the larynx

A

Epiglottis

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32
Q

Its walls consist of connective tissue and smooth muscle reinforced by C-shaped cartilaginous rings

A

Trachea

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33
Q

What do the rings in Trachea do?

A

Prevent it from collapsing

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34
Q

Lies anterior to the esophagus

A

Trachea

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35
Q

What is the role of goblet cells?

A

produce mucus, which traps debris in the air as it passes through the trachea

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36
Q

If the trachea is blocked because of illness or the accidental swallowing of a foreign object, a breathing tube can be inserted by way of an incision made in the trachea. This tube acts as an artificial air intake and exhaust duct.

A

Tracheostomy

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37
Q

What divides into the right and left primary bronchi?

A

Trachea

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38
Q

What leads into the right and left lungs?

A

Bronchi

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39
Q

What happens as bronchial tubes divide?

A

As the bronchial tubes divide and subdivide, their walls become thinner, and the small rings of cartilage are no longer present

40
Q

Where do each of the bronchiole lead to?

A

An elongated space enclosed by a multitude of air pockets or sacs called alveoli

41
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

The lungs are paired, cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity

42
Q

What is in the center of the thoracic cavity?

A

Trachea, heart, thymus, and esophagus

43
Q

The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

A

Diaphragm

44
Q

Each lung is enclosed by?

A

Pleurae: Two layers of serous membrane that produces serous fluid.

45
Q

Tendency of water molecules to cling to one another due to hydrogen bonding between molecules

A

Surface tension

46
Q

Holds the two pleural layers together

A

Surface tension

47
Q

Each alveolar sac is surrounded by?

A

Blood capillaries

48
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries

49
Q

Describe how O2 and CO2 exchange gases

A

O2 diffuses across the alveolar wall and enters the bloodstream, and CO2 diffuses from the blood across the alveolar wall to enter the alveoli

50
Q

The alveoli of human lungs are lined with?

A

A surfactant, a film of lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension of water and prevents the alveoli from closing

51
Q

How is infant respiratory distress syndrom treated?

A

By surfactant replacement therapy

52
Q

Ventilation, or breathing, as two phases

A 
Inspiration (inhalation), moves air into the lungs
 and expiration (exhalation), moves air out of the lungs
53
Q

True or False: Normally, there is a continuous column of air from the pharynx to the alveoli of the lungs?

A

True

54
Q

How do lungs adhere to the thoracic wall?

A

By way of the pleura

55
Q

Active phase of ventilation

A

Inspiration

56
Q

Lung volume/air pressure

A

As the lung volume increases, the air pressure within the alveoli decreases, creating a partial vacuum

57
Q

Passive phase of breathing

A

Expiration

58
Q

During this, the diaphragm and external intocostal muscles relax

A

Expiration

59
Q

Why do the lungs recoil?

A

Because the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli tends to draw them closed

60
Q

Maximum inspiratory effort involves what muscles?

A

Back, chest, and neck

61
Q

Can expiration be forced?

A

Yes

62
Q

How can we increase expiration?

A

By contracting the abdominal and thoracic muscles

63
Q

How can we increase inspiration?

A

By expanding the chest and also by lowering the diaphragm to the maximum extent possible

64
Q

Breathing is controlled in two ways

A

Nervous and chemical control

65
Q

The rhythm of ventilation is controlled by a?

A

Respiratory control center located in the medulla oblongata of the brain

66
Q

What does the respiratory control center do?

A

Automatically sends out nerve signals to the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles of the rib cage, causing inspiration to occur

67
Q

What happens when the respiratory center stops sending nerve signals to the diaphragm and rib cage

A

The muscles relax and expiration occurs

68
Q

Is it possible to voluntarily change our breathing patterns?

A

Yes

69
Q

Sensory receptors in the body that are sensitive to chemical composition of body fluids

A

Chemoreceptors

70
Q

What can cause breathing to speed up?

A

Two sets of of chemoreceptors sensitive to pH can cause breathing to speed up

71
Q

Where are two chemoreceptors located?

A

A centrally placed set is located in the medulla oblongata of the brain stem
The peripherally placed set is in the circulatory system

72
Q

When the pH of the blood becomes more acidic (decreases), the respiratory center?

A

Increases the rate and depth of breathing

73
Q

What happens when a person tries to hold their breath?

A

The respiratory center, stimulated by the chemoreceptors, is able to override a person’s voluntary inhibition of respiration. Breathing resumes, despite attempts to prevent it

74
Q

Respiration includes the exchange of

A

Gases not only in the lungs but also in the tissues

75
Q

Principe of diffusion governs

A

Whether O2 or CO2 enters or leaves the blood in the lungs and in the tissues

76
Q

Gases expert?

A

Pressure

77
Q

The amount of pressure each gas exerts is called its

A

Partial pressure

78
Q

What happens if the partial pressure of O2 differs across a membrane?

A

Oxygen will diffuse from higher to lower partial pressure

79
Q

Refers to the exchange of gases between air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries

A

External Respiration

80
Q

Where does CO2 diffuse?

A

CO2 diffuses out of the plasma into the lungs

81
Q

Most of the CO2 is carried in

A

Plasma as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

82
Q

Speeds the breakdown of carbonic acid in RBCs

A

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase

83
Q

O2 diffuses?

A

O2 diffuses into plasma and then into RBC’s in the lungs

84
Q

Refers to the exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue cells

A

Internal respiration

85
Q

Blood entering systemic capillaries is what color and why?

A

Bright red color because RBC’s contain oxyhemoglobin

86
Q

Oxyhemoglobin naturally gives up?

A

Oxygen

87
Q

What happens after oxyhemoglobin gives up O2?

A

It diffuses out of the blood into the tissues

88
Q

Carbon dioxide diffuses

A

into the blood from the tissues

89
Q

When is carbon dioxide produced?

A

During cellular respiration and collects in tissue fluid

90
Q

After CO2 diffuses into the blood?

A

Most enters the RBC’s, where a small amount is taken up by hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)

91
Q

What is the color of blood that leaves the systemic capillaries

A

Dark maroon color because RBC’s contain reduced hemoglobin

92
Q

Where can the upper respiratory infections (URIs) spread?

A

From the nasal cavities to the sinuses, middle ears, and larynx

93
Q

Develops when nasal congestion blocks the tiny openings leading to the sinuses

A

Sinusitis

94
Q

Lower respiratory tract disorders include

A

Infections, restrictive pulmonary disorders, obstructive pulmonary disorders, and lung cancer

95
Q

An infection of the primary and secondary bronchi

A

Acute bronchitis

96
Q

A viral or bacterial infection of the lungs in which the bronchi and alveoli fill with thick fluid

A

Pneumonia

Human Biology (42 decks)

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