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Human Biology > Chapter 9 Textbook notes > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Textbook notes Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

Also called inhalation (breathing in), air is conducted from the atmosphere to the lungs by a series of cavities, tubes, and openings

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2
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Also called exhalation (breathing out), air is conducted from the lungs to the atmosphere

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3
Q

Describe ventilation

A

Another term for breathing that includes both inspiration and expiration.

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4
Q

What happens once ventilation occurs?

A

The respiratory system depends on the cardiovascular system to transport oxygen (O2) from the lungs to the tissues and carry carbon dioxide (CO2) from the tissues to the lungs.

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5
Q

Why is gas exchange necessary?

A

Because the cells of the body carry out cellular respiration to make energy in the form of ATP.

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6
Q

What happens during cellular respiration?

A

Cells use up O2 and produce CO2. The respiratory system provides these cells with O2 and removes CO2

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7
Q

What is involved in the upper respiratory tract?

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Glottis
  4. Larynx
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8
Q

Filters, warms, and moistens air

A

Nasal cavity

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9
Q

Passageway where pathway for air and food cross

A

Pharynx

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10
Q

Space between the vocal chords; opening to larynx

A

Glottis

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11
Q

What are the lower respiratory tracts?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchus
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Lung
  5. Diaphragm
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12
Q

(Windpipe); passage of air to bronchi

A

Trachea

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13
Q

Passage of air to lungs

A

Bronchus

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14
Q

Passage of air to alveoli

A

Bronchioles

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15
Q

Contains alveoli (air sacs); carries out gas exchange

A

Lung

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle; functions in ventilation

A

Diaphragm

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17
Q

What are the three parts of pharynx (throat)?

A
  1. Nasopharynx, where the nasal cavities open above the soft palate
  2. Oropharynx, where the oral cavity opens
  3. Laryngopharynx, which opens into the larynx
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18
Q

Form a protective ring at the junction of the oral cavity and the pharynx

A

Tonsils

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19
Q

What cells do the tonsils contain?

A

Lymphocytes, which protect against invasion of inhaled foreign antigens

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20
Q

Primary defense during breathing

A

Tonsils

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21
Q

What type of cells in the tonsils are prepared to respond to antigens that may subsequently invade internal tissues and fluids?

A

B cells and T cells

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22
Q

In the pharynx, what passages lie parallel to each other and share a common opening in the laryngopharynx?

A

Air passage and food passage

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23
Q

When is the esophagus open?

A

It is normally closed and opens only when a person swallows

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24
Q

What may be done when a passageway remains blocked by food?

A

heimlich maneuver

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25
A cartilaginous structure that serves as a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea
Larynx
26
Why is the larynx called the voice box
Because is houses the vocal cords
27
Mucosal folds supported by elastic ligaments
Vocal cords
28
The slit between the vocal cords
Glottis
29
How do we produce sound?
When air is expelled through the glottis, the vocal cords vibrate, producing sound
30
Loudness or intensity of the voice depends upon
The amplitude of the vibrations-the degree to which the vocal cords vibrate
31
A flap of tissue that prevents food from passing into the larynx
Epiglottis
32
Its walls consist of connective tissue and smooth muscle reinforced by C-shaped cartilaginous rings
Trachea
33
What do the rings in Trachea do?
Prevent it from collapsing
34
Lies anterior to the esophagus
Trachea
35
What is the role of goblet cells?
produce mucus, which traps debris in the air as it passes through the trachea
36
If the trachea is blocked because of illness or the accidental swallowing of a foreign object, a breathing tube can be inserted by way of an incision made in the trachea. This tube acts as an artificial air intake and exhaust duct.
Tracheostomy
37
What divides into the right and left primary bronchi?
Trachea
38
What leads into the right and left lungs?
Bronchi
39
What happens as bronchial tubes divide?
As the bronchial tubes divide and subdivide, their walls become thinner, and the small rings of cartilage are no longer present
40
Where do each of the bronchiole lead to?
An elongated space enclosed by a multitude of air pockets or sacs called alveoli
41
Where are the lungs located?
The lungs are paired, cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity
42
What is in the center of the thoracic cavity?
Trachea, heart, thymus, and esophagus
43
The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Diaphragm
44
Each lung is enclosed by?
Pleurae: Two layers of serous membrane that produces serous fluid.
45
Tendency of water molecules to cling to one another due to hydrogen bonding between molecules
Surface tension
46
Holds the two pleural layers together
Surface tension
47
Each alveolar sac is surrounded by?
Blood capillaries
48
Where does gas exchange occur?
Between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries
49
Describe how O2 and CO2 exchange gases
O2 diffuses across the alveolar wall and enters the bloodstream, and CO2 diffuses from the blood across the alveolar wall to enter the alveoli
50
The alveoli of human lungs are lined with?
A surfactant, a film of lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension of water and prevents the alveoli from closing
51
How is infant respiratory distress syndrom treated?
By surfactant replacement therapy
52
Ventilation, or breathing, as two phases
``` Inspiration (inhalation), moves air into the lungs and expiration (exhalation), moves air out of the lungs ```
53
True or False: Normally, there is a continuous column of air from the pharynx to the alveoli of the lungs?
True
54
How do lungs adhere to the thoracic wall?
By way of the pleura
55
Active phase of ventilation
Inspiration
56
Lung volume/air pressure
As the lung volume increases, the air pressure within the alveoli decreases, creating a partial vacuum
57
Passive phase of breathing
Expiration
58
During this, the diaphragm and external intocostal muscles relax
Expiration
59
Why do the lungs recoil?
Because the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli tends to draw them closed
60
Maximum inspiratory effort involves what muscles?
Back, chest, and neck
61
Can expiration be forced?
Yes
62
How can we increase expiration?
By contracting the abdominal and thoracic muscles
63
How can we increase inspiration?
By expanding the chest and also by lowering the diaphragm to the maximum extent possible
64
Breathing is controlled in two ways
Nervous and chemical control
65
The rhythm of ventilation is controlled by a?
Respiratory control center located in the medulla oblongata of the brain
66
What does the respiratory control center do?
Automatically sends out nerve signals to the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles of the rib cage, causing inspiration to occur
67
What happens when the respiratory center stops sending nerve signals to the diaphragm and rib cage
The muscles relax and expiration occurs
68
Is it possible to voluntarily change our breathing patterns?
Yes
69
Sensory receptors in the body that are sensitive to chemical composition of body fluids
Chemoreceptors
70
What can cause breathing to speed up?
Two sets of of chemoreceptors sensitive to pH can cause breathing to speed up
71
Where are two chemoreceptors located?
A centrally placed set is located in the medulla oblongata of the brain stem The peripherally placed set is in the circulatory system
72
When the pH of the blood becomes more acidic (decreases), the respiratory center?
Increases the rate and depth of breathing
73
What happens when a person tries to hold their breath?
The respiratory center, stimulated by the chemoreceptors, is able to override a person's voluntary inhibition of respiration. Breathing resumes, despite attempts to prevent it
74
Respiration includes the exchange of
Gases not only in the lungs but also in the tissues
75
Principe of diffusion governs
Whether O2 or CO2 enters or leaves the blood in the lungs and in the tissues
76
Gases expert?
Pressure
77
The amount of pressure each gas exerts is called its
Partial pressure
78
What happens if the partial pressure of O2 differs across a membrane?
Oxygen will diffuse from higher to lower partial pressure
79
Refers to the exchange of gases between air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries
External Respiration
80
Where does CO2 diffuse?
CO2 diffuses out of the plasma into the lungs
81
Most of the CO2 is carried in
Plasma as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
82
Speeds the breakdown of carbonic acid in RBCs
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase
83
O2 diffuses?
O2 diffuses into plasma and then into RBC's in the lungs
84
Refers to the exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue cells
Internal respiration
85
Blood entering systemic capillaries is what color and why?
Bright red color because RBC's contain oxyhemoglobin
86
Oxyhemoglobin naturally gives up?
Oxygen
87
What happens after oxyhemoglobin gives up O2?
It diffuses out of the blood into the tissues
88
Carbon dioxide diffuses
into the blood from the tissues
89
When is carbon dioxide produced?
During cellular respiration and collects in tissue fluid
90
After CO2 diffuses into the blood?
Most enters the RBC's, where a small amount is taken up by hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)
91
What is the color of blood that leaves the systemic capillaries
Dark maroon color because RBC's contain reduced hemoglobin
92
Where can the upper respiratory infections (URIs) spread?
From the nasal cavities to the sinuses, middle ears, and larynx
93
Develops when nasal congestion blocks the tiny openings leading to the sinuses
Sinusitis
94
Lower respiratory tract disorders include
Infections, restrictive pulmonary disorders, obstructive pulmonary disorders, and lung cancer
95
An infection of the primary and secondary bronchi
Acute bronchitis
96
A viral or bacterial infection of the lungs in which the bronchi and alveoli fill with thick fluid
Pneumonia

Human Biology (42 decks)

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