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Human Biology > Chapter 9 Course Packet > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Course Packet Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Associated structures of the respiratory system

A
  1. ) Nasal cavity
  2. ) Epiglottis
  3. ) Larynx (voice box)
  4. ) Pleurae
  5. ) Muscles
  6. ) Histology
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1
Q

What is the order of the respiratory system tracing pathway?

A
  1. ) Nasal cavity &/or Oral cavity
  2. ) Pharynx (throat)
  3. ) Larynx (voice box)
  4. ) Trachea (windpipe)
  5. ) Bronchus > to smaller branches
  6. ) Bronchiole
  7. ) Alveolar duct
  8. ) Alveolar sac
  9. ) Alveoli (the actual site of gas exchange)
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2
Q

Begin to filter out debris out of the air

A

Nasal cavity

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3
Q

Prevents choking

A

Epiglottis

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4
Q

Cartilage rings give the larynx it’s shape. Vocal cords are epithelium covered elastic ligaments, suspended over the glottis and controlled by skeletal muscle. Voluntary or involuntary.

A

Larynx (voice box)

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5
Q

The outer layer of the pleural sac is connected to the thoracic wall, and the inner layer is directly connected to the outermost layer of the lungs.

A

Pleurae

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6
Q

What is involved in histology?

A
  1. ) Cilia and mucus-secreting cells

2. ) Massive amounts of vascularity

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7
Q

Mostly diaphragm, external intercostal, and to a lesser degree, internacostal, abdominal and neck muscles.

A

Muscles used in respiration

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8
Q

What are the muscles involved during normal relaxed breathing?

A
  1. ) Diaphram contracts> dome shape flattens

2. ) External intercostal muscles contract> lifting the rib cage up and out

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9
Q

What are the muscles used for forced breathing?

A

1.) Diaphram contraction
2.) External intercostal contraction
3.) Cervicle (neck) muscles
After inspiration
4.) Internal intercostal muscles contract and pull the thoracic wall down and inward
5.) Abdominal muscles will contract

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10
Q

What is the lungs volumes vital capacity?

A

Tidal volume (≈0.5 L) + Inspiratory Reserve volume + Expiratory Reserve volume

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11
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

Vital capacity + Residual volume (≈1.2 L)

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12
Q

The mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs, consists of inspiration and expiration

A

Ventilation

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13
Q

Process by which the body as a whole acquires O2 for aerobic cellular respiration and disposes of CO2

A

Respiration

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14
Q

What does the respiration consist of?

A

External respiration and Internal respiration

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15
Q

Phase when O2 moves from the alveoli blood; and CO2 from the blood»alveoli

A

External respiration

16
Q

Phase when O2 moves from the blood»tissues; and CO2 from the tissues»blood

A

Internal respiration

17
Q

Diffusion of gases like O2 and CO2 with relative concentrations measured in partial pressures. The steeper the gradient, the faster the diffusion

A

Pressure gradient

18
Q

The surface must be moist because gases will not diffuse across the surface unless it is dissolved in fluid. The greater the surface area, the faster the diffusion

A

Respiratory surface

19
Q

Where external respiration happens

A

Alveoli

20
Q

To accomplish external respiration, gases must dissolve into fluid and must cross…

A
  1. A thin layer of the PULMONARY SURFACTANT
  2. Simple squamous epithelial cell of the ALVEOLAR WALL
  3. The interstitial space or BASEMENT MEMBRANE
  4. Simple squamous endothelial cell of CAPILLARY
  5. Small amount of PLASMA
  6. The cell MEMBRANE OF RBCs
21
Q

Plasma can carry both dissolved O2 and dissolved CO2 but because of hemoglobin’s ability to bind to both O2 and CO2 the carrying capacity of blood (with RBC’s) is increased 70 fold in O2 carrying capacity, and 17 fold in CO2 carrying capacity

A

Transport specifics

22
Q

Inflammation of tissue lining trachea and bronchi, increase mucus secretion

A

Sinusitis-bronchitis

23
Q

Inflammation of lung tissue closer to alveoli, fluid buildup in alveoli

A

Pneumonia

24
Q

Infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis, if long term=destruction of lung tissue

A

TB

25
Q

If pleural membranes are punctured, air enters the pleural space, eliminating pressure seal. “Callapsed lung”

A

Pneumothorax injury

26
Q

Enzymatic destruction of alveolar walls (irreversible), can occur within chronic bronchitis or severe asthma

A

Emphysema

27
Q

Occurs in premature newborns, due to insufficient pulmonary surfactant

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

28
Q

Irritation due to inhalation of small particulate asbestos »Scar tissue can make the lungs inflexible, can also lead to cancer

A

Asbestosis

29
Q

Lungs of those that make long-term residence in L.A. can appear similar to smokers and have increased risk of developing lung cancer

A

Smog

30
Q

“Topical carcinogen”, increased risk of cancer anywhere the smoker touches, as well as some areas that the smoke doesn’t touch (esophagus, pancreas, bladder, etc.) This bronchitis, emphysema, CHD, decreases in immunity and healing capacity adds up to a shortened life expectancy.

A

Tobacco

31
Q

Where are the alveolar capillaries located?

A

Wedged between the bubble-shaped alveoli

32
Q

What are the 3 different forms of the carbon dioxide transport

A
  1. 7% is dissolved CO2 in plasma
  2. 23% of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin which is called (carbaminohemoglobin or HbCO2)
  3. 70% is transported in the plasma in the form of bicarbonate or HCO3-
33
Q

What is being measured in the nervous system control?

A
  1. CO2
  2. O2
  3. pH
34
Q

The 3 receptors of the nervous system are

A
  1. Carotid bodies
  2. Aortic bodies
  3. Medulla of brainstem
35
Q

How does the nervous system measure carbon dioxide?

A

The negative feedback loops are most sensitive to relative levels of CO2 and is detected by all 3 receptors

36
Q

What receptors detect O2?

A

Carotid and aortic bodies

37
Q

How does the nervous system measure pH?

A

Measured in the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain by the receptors in the medulla, this indirectly measures levels of CO2

Human Biology (42 decks)

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