Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Biology > Chapter 10.4 Kidneys and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Chapter 10.4 Kidneys and Homeostasis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What role do the kidneys play in homeostasis?

A

They maintain the water-salt balance in the body, they regulate the pH of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The liver produces?

A

Urea, the primary nitrogenous end product of humans, which is excreted by the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If the liver is a swage treatment plans, the tubules of the kidneys are like?

A

The trucks that take the sludge, prepared waste, away from the town (body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is metabolic waste removal necessary for?

A

For maintaining homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What must the blood be constantly cleanses of?

A

The nitrogenous wastes, end products of metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The liver produces urea and muscles make?

A

Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The urine producing kidneys, are responsible for the excretion of?

A

Nitrogenous wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most of the water found in the filtrate is reabsorbed into the?

A

Blood before urine leaves the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

All parts of a nephron and the collecting duct participate in the?

A

Reabsorption of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What always precedes the reabsorption of water?

A

The reabsorption of salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Water is returned to the body by a process of?

A

Osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does water pass during the process of reabsorption

A

During the process of reabsorption, water passes through water channels, called aquaporins, within a plasma membrane protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are present in the renal cortex?

A
  1. The proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Distal convoluted tubule
  3. The cortical portion of the collecting ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Most of the water (65%) that enters the glomerular capsule is reabsorbed from?

A

The nephron into the blood at the proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Na+ is actively reabsorbed and what follows passively?

A

CI-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aquaporins are always open and water is?

A

Reabsorbed osmotically into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What regulates the reabsorption of sodium and water in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, which sit atop the kidneys

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

This hormone promotes ion exchange at the distal convoluted tubule

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The release of aldosterone is set into motion by the?

A

Kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

A region of contact between the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When blood volume falls too low for filtration to occur what happens?

A

The juxtaglomerular apparatus can respond to the decrease by secreting the renin

23
Q

Describe the enzyme renin

A

An enzyme that ultimately leads to secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands

24
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced by

A

The hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary according to the osmolarity of the blood

25
Q

If our intake of water has been low, what is secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH

26
Q

Water moves from the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct into?

A

Blood

27
Q

What is atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

A

A hormone secreted by the atria of the heart when cardiac cells are stretched due to increased blood volume

28
Q

ANH inhibits the secretion of?

A

Renin by the juxtaglomerular apparatus and the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands

29
Q

What is dependent on the work of the medullary portions of the nephron (loop of the nephron) and the collecting ducts?

A

The ability of humans to regulate the tonicity of their urine

30
Q

What is the long loop of the nephron made up of?

A

It is made up of a descending limb and an ascending limb

31
Q

What passively diffuses out of the lower portion of the ascending limb?

A

Salt

32
Q

Any remaining salt of the ascending limb gets actively transported from?

A

The thick upper portion of the limb into the tissue of the outer medulla

33
Q

Concentration of salt after is passes the ascending limb is greater in?

A

The direction of the inner medulla

34
Q

What has a higher concentration of solutes

A

The inner medulla

35
Q

What leaves the descending limb?

A

Water leaves the descending limb along its entire length via a countercurrent mechanism because of the osmotic gradient within the medulla

36
Q

What limb does not absorb water and why?

A

The ascending limb because it has no aquaporins, is job is to help establish the solute concentration gradient

37
Q

When water is reabsorbed where is it returned?

A

To the cardiovascular system

38
Q

Where does water diffuse?

A

Water diffuses from the entire length of the collecting duct into the blood if aquaporins are open, as they are if ADH is present

39
Q

What happens when ADH is present?

A

More water is reabsorbed (blood volume and pressure rise) and a decreased amount of urine results

40
Q

ADH fine-tunes what?

A

The tonicity of urine according to the needs of the body

41
Q

Without adequate blood pressure what happens

A

Exchange across capillary walls cannot take place, nor is glomerular filtration possible in the kidneys

42
Q

What happens when sodium ions Na+ concentration falls too low?

A

Blood pressure falls and the renin-aldosterone sequence begins. Then the kidneys increase Na+ reabsorption, conserving as much as possible

43
Q

What are diuretics

A

Chemicals that increase the flow of urine

44
Q

What causes diuretic

A

Drinking alcohol because it inhibits the secretion of ADH

45
Q

Is caffeine a diuretic?

A

Yes, because it increases the glomerular filtration rate and decreases the tubular reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+)

46
Q

If the blood pH rises above 7.45, a person is said to have

A

Alkalosis

47
Q

If the blood pH decreases below 7.35, a person is said to have

A

Acidosis

48
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A chemical or a combination of chemicals that take up excess hydrogen ions (H+) or excess hydroxide ions (OH-)

49
Q

Only the kidneys can get rid of

A

A wide range of acidic and basic substances

50
Q

What organ can be used for reabsorbing bicarbonate ions and excreting hydrogen ions as needed to maintain the normal pH of the blood

A

The kidneys

51
Q

Where is ammonia produced?

A

In tubule cells by the deamination of amino acids

52
Q

Aside from producing renin, the kidneys assist the?

A

Endocrine system and also the cardiovascular system by producing erythropoietin

53
Q

What is erythropoietin used for?

A

Used to stimulate red bone marrow production in patients in renal failure or recovering from chemo

54
Q

How do the kidneys assist the skeletal, nervous, and muscular systems?

A

By helping to regulate the amount of calcium ions in the blood

Human Biology (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions