Chapter 8 progress questions

Question 1

Name the organs and all the accessory structures of the digestive system

Answer 1

Organs:
1. Mouth 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small intestine 6. Large intestine 7. Rectum 8. Anus
Accessory Organs:
1. Salivary glands 2. Liver 3. Gallbladder
4. Pancreas

Question 2

Name the digestive processes of the digestive system

Answer 2

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Movement
4. Absorption
5. Elimination

Question 3

Describe the ingestion process

Answer 3

The mouth takes in food

Question 4

Describe the digestion process

Answer 4

Divides food into pieces and hydrolyzes food to molecular nutrients

Question 5

Describe the movement process

Answer 5

Food is passed along from one organ to the next and indigestible remains are expelled

Question 6

Describe the absorption process

Answer 6

Unit molecules produced by digestion cross the wall of the GI tract and enter the blood for delivery to cells

Question 7

Describe the elimination process

Answer 7

Removal of indigestible wastes through the anus

Question 8

Categorize the four layers of the GI tract by associating each with a particular illness

Answer 8

1. Mucosa- Diverticulitis
2. Submucosa- Inflammatory bowel diseas
3. Muscularis-Irritable bowel syndrome
4. Serosa- Appendicitis

Question 9

Describe the anatomy of the mouth

Answer 9

Mouth contains a hard and soft palate, salivary glands, and a tongue

Question 10

Describe the anatomy of the teeth

Answer 10

Teeth have two main divisions, a crown with a layer of enamel and dentin and a root filled with dentin and pulp

Question 11

Describe the anatomy of the pharynx

Answer 11

It is a hollow tube at the back of the throat connecting the mouth to the esophagus

Question 12

Describe the anatomy of the esophagus

Answer 12

It is a hollow tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach

Question 13

Detail the mechanical digestion that occurs in the mouth

Answer 13

Teeth chew food into pieces convenient for swallowing and the tongue moves food around the mouth

Question 14

Detail the chemical digestion that occurs in the mouth

Answer 14

Salivary amylase begins the process of digesting starch

Question 15

Explain what ordinarily prevents foods from entering the nose of entering the trachea when you swallow and why it occurs

Answer 15

The soft palate moves back to close off the nasal passages and the trachea moves up under the epiglottis to cover the glottis

Question 16

Describe the functions of the stomach and how the wall of the stomach is modified to perform these functions.

Answer 16

Store food, initiate the digestion of protein, and control the movement of chyme into the small intestine;
The muscularis contains an oblique layer that allows the stomach to stretch and mechanically break food down;
The mucosa has millions of gastric pits, which lead into gastric glands that produce gastric juice

Question 17

Detail the functions of the small intestine and how the wall of the small intestine is modified to perform these functions

Answer 17

Complete digestion using enzymes, which digest all types of food and absorb the products of the digestive process; it contains villi that have an outer layer of columnar epithelial cells, each containing thousands of microvilli

Question 18

Discuss why absorption of most molecules and nutrients is done in the small intestine and not the stomach

Answer 18

Nutrients are not absorbed through the stomach lining due to the acidity of the gastric juices found in the stomach; once in the intestines, the gastric juices are neutralized

Question 19

Name the four accessory organs

Answer 19

1. Salivary glands
2. Liver
3. Gallbladder
4. Pancreas

Question 20

Describe the function of pancreas

Answer 20

Secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine and insulin into the blood

Question 21

Describe the function of the liver

Answer 21

Filters the blood, removes toxic substances, stores iron and vitamins, functions in sugar homeostasis, regulates blood cholesterol

Question 22

Describe the function of the gallbladder

Answer 22

Stores bile

Question 23

What might occur if the pancreas did not function properly

Answer 23

It would not make pancreatic juices to aid in digestion

Question 24

What might occur if the liver did not function properly

Answer 24

Bile will not be produced to emulsify fats

Question 25

What might occur if the gallbladder did not function properly?

Answer 25

Bile would not have a storage organ

Question 26

Why is the regulation of digestive secretions important to the overall process of digestion? What might occur without regulation?

Answer 26

Regulation of digestive secretions is important to have the correct product at the correct time to digest the correct nutrient or chemical. Without these, the process of digestion could not occur properly and nutrients would not be able to get into our circulatory system and into our cells

Question 27

Describe the different parts of the large intestine and provide the function for each

Answer 27

1. Cecum and colon-absorb water and vitamins
2. Rectum-forms feces
3. Anal canal- defecation

Question 28

Detail how the functions of the large intestine contribute to homeostasis

Answer 28

Large intestine contributes to homeostasis by regulating fluid balance and removing waste

Question 29

Discuss how a disorder of the large intestine can affect homeostasis overall

Answer 29

Without the functions of the large intestine water and vitamin absorption would be deficient

Question 30

Briefly describe and give an example of each class of nutrients

Answer 30

1. Carbohydrates-Are simple or complex ringed structures and are used as an energy source and include products made from refined grains, beans, peas, nuts, fruits, and whole grain products
2. Proteins-Are long chains of amino acids the body breaks down to make other proteins and are found in meat,eggs, and milk
3. Lipids- Are fats and oils and contain either saturated or unsaturated fatty acid chains. They are used for energy storage

Question 31

Discuss why carbohydrates and fats might be the cause of the obesity epidemic today

Answer 31

Because they are consumed in excess and with our sedentary lifestyle are not burned off in exercise but stored

Question 32

Why is it important to overall homeostasis to have a balanced diet?

Answer 32

To obtain all the chemicals and nutrients required for all cells to function correctly