Chapter 8 progress questions Flashcards
Name the organs and all the accessory structures of the digestive system
Organs:
1. Mouth 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small intestine 6. Large intestine 7. Rectum 8. Anus
Accessory Organs:
1. Salivary glands 2. Liver 3. Gallbladder
4. Pancreas
Name the digestive processes of the digestive system
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Movement
- Absorption
- Elimination
Describe the ingestion process
The mouth takes in food
Describe the digestion process
Divides food into pieces and hydrolyzes food to molecular nutrients
Describe the movement process
Food is passed along from one organ to the next and indigestible remains are expelled
Describe the absorption process
Unit molecules produced by digestion cross the wall of the GI tract and enter the blood for delivery to cells
Describe the elimination process
Removal of indigestible wastes through the anus
Categorize the four layers of the GI tract by associating each with a particular illness
- Mucosa- Diverticulitis
- Submucosa- Inflammatory bowel diseas
- Muscularis-Irritable bowel syndrome
- Serosa- Appendicitis
Describe the anatomy of the mouth
Mouth contains a hard and soft palate, salivary glands, and a tongue
Describe the anatomy of the teeth
Teeth have two main divisions, a crown with a layer of enamel and dentin and a root filled with dentin and pulp
Describe the anatomy of the pharynx
It is a hollow tube at the back of the throat connecting the mouth to the esophagus
Describe the anatomy of the esophagus
It is a hollow tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach
Detail the mechanical digestion that occurs in the mouth
Teeth chew food into pieces convenient for swallowing and the tongue moves food around the mouth
Detail the chemical digestion that occurs in the mouth
Salivary amylase begins the process of digesting starch
Explain what ordinarily prevents foods from entering the nose of entering the trachea when you swallow and why it occurs
The soft palate moves back to close off the nasal passages and the trachea moves up under the epiglottis to cover the glottis
Describe the functions of the stomach and how the wall of the stomach is modified to perform these functions.
Store food, initiate the digestion of protein, and control the movement of chyme into the small intestine;
The muscularis contains an oblique layer that allows the stomach to stretch and mechanically break food down;
The mucosa has millions of gastric pits, which lead into gastric glands that produce gastric juice
Detail the functions of the small intestine and how the wall of the small intestine is modified to perform these functions
Complete digestion using enzymes, which digest all types of food and absorb the products of the digestive process; it contains villi that have an outer layer of columnar epithelial cells, each containing thousands of microvilli
Discuss why absorption of most molecules and nutrients is done in the small intestine and not the stomach
Nutrients are not absorbed through the stomach lining due to the acidity of the gastric juices found in the stomach; once in the intestines, the gastric juices are neutralized
Name the four accessory organs
- Salivary glands
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
Describe the function of pancreas
Secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine and insulin into the blood
Describe the function of the liver
Filters the blood, removes toxic substances, stores iron and vitamins, functions in sugar homeostasis, regulates blood cholesterol
Describe the function of the gallbladder
Stores bile
What might occur if the pancreas did not function properly
It would not make pancreatic juices to aid in digestion
What might occur if the liver did not function properly
Bile will not be produced to emulsify fats
