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Human Biology > Chapter 8 Textbook > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Textbook Flashcards

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0
Q

The purpose of digestion is

A

To hydrolyze macromolecules to their subunit molecules

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1
Q

The organs of the digestive system are in a tube called?

A

Gastrointestinal tract GI

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2
Q

Break down using water

A

Hydrolyze

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3
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical

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4
Q

Occurs when large pieces of food are divided into smaller pieces that can be acted on by the digestive enzymes

A

Mechanical digestion

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5
Q

Occurs primarily in the mouth by chewing and by wavelike contractions of the smooth muscles in the stomach called peristalsis

A

Mechanical digestion

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6
Q

Secrete saliva: contains digestive enzymes for carbohydrates

A

Salivary glands

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7
Q

Major metabolic organ: processes and stores nutrients; produces bile for emulsification of fats

A

Liver

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8
Q

Stores bile from the liver; sends it to the small intestine

A

Gallbladder

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9
Q

Produces pancreatic juice; contains digestive enzymes, and sends it to the small intestine; produces insulin and secretes it into the blood after eating

A

Pancreas

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10
Q

Passageway where food is swallowed

A

Pharynx

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11
Q

Passageway where peristalsis pushes food to stomach

A

Esophagus

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12
Q

Secretes acid and digestive enzyme for protein; churns mixing food with secretions, and sends chyme to small intestine

A

Stomach

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13
Q

Mixes chyme with digestive enzymes for final breakdown; absorbs nutrient molecules into body; secretes digestive hormones into blood

A

Small intestine

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14
Q

Absorbs water and salt to form feces

A

Large intestine

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15
Q

Stores and regulates elimination of feces

A

Rectum

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16
Q

Digestive enzymes hydrolyze our food’s macromolecules into absorbable subunits. Begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach, and is completed in the small intestine

A

Chemical digestion

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17
Q

Occurs as subunit molecules produced by chemical digestion (I.e, nutrients) cross the wall of the GI tract and enter the cells lining tract. From there, the nutrients enter the blood for delivery to the cells

A

Absorption

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18
Q

The wall of the GI tract has 4 layers

A
  1. ) Mucosa
  2. ) Submucosa
  3. ) Muscularis
  4. ) Serosa
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19
Q

Contains cells that produce and secrete mucus. Glands release digestive enzymes. Hydrochloric acid is produced by glands in this layer of the stomach

A

Mucosal layer

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20
Q

A condition in which portions of the mucosa have pushed through the other layers and formed pouches

A

Diverticulosis

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21
Q

Broad band of loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

A

Submucosa

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22
Q

What disease is associated with Submucosa?

A

Inflammatory bowel disease IBD

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease IBD

A

Chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss

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24
Q

Contains two layers of smooth muscle. The inner circular layer encircles the tract. The outer longitudinal layer lies in the same direction as the tract

A

Muscularis

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25
Q

The contraction of the muscularis smooth muscles accounts for

A

Peristalsis and subsequent movement of digested food from the esophagus to the anus

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26
Q

The muscularis can be associated with what type of syndrome?

A

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in which contractions of the wall cause abdominal pain, constipation, and/or diarrhea

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27
Q

Secrets a lubricating fluid

A

Serosa

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28
Q

A worm-shaped blind tube projecting from the first part of the large intestine on the lower right side of the abdomen

A

Appendix

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29
Q

Should the appendix burst, the result can be?

A

Peritonitis, life-threatening swelling and infection of the peritoneum

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30
Q

The roof of the mouth as two parts

A

An anterior hard palate and a posterior soft palate

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31
Q

Soft palate is composed of

A

Entirely muscle

32
Q

Tonsils are

A

lymphatic tissue and they help protect us from disease

33
Q

Three parts of what send secretions (saliva) by way of ducts to the mouth

A

Salivary glands

34
Q

Saliva is a solution of

A

Mucus and water

35
Q

Saliva also contains

A

Salivary amylase, an enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of starch, as well as bicarbonate and the antimicrobial compound called lysozyme

36
Q

Each tooth as two main divisions

A

A crown and a root

37
Q

The crown has layers of

A

Enamel, dentin, inner pulp

38
Q

What also makes up a portion of the root of a tooth?

A

Dentin and pulp

39
Q

When does tooth decay, called dental caries or cavities, occur?

A

When bacteria within the mouth metabolize sugar

40
Q

What is periodontis characterized by

A

A loss of bone and loosening of the teeth

41
Q

The tongue is covered by

A

A mucus membrane which contains the sensory receptors called taste buds

42
Q

The tongue is composed of

A

Skeletal muscle

43
Q

Bolus is

A

Chewed food that is formed into a mass by the tongue

44
Q

Both the mouth and the nasal passages lead to

A

The pharynx

45
Q

The pharynx opens into both

A

Esophagus (food passage) and trachea (air passage)

46
Q

Swallowing can be both what?

A

Voluntary and involuntary

47
Q

A muscular tube that moves food into the stomach

A

Esophagus

48
Q

What blocks the nasal passages

A

Soft palate

49
Q

What moves up under the epiglottis to cover the glottis?

A

Trachea

50
Q

What is the opening to the larynx?

A

Glottis

51
Q

What pushes food through the esophagus?

A

Peristalsis

52
Q

Does the esophagus play a role in chemical digestion of food?

A

No

53
Q

What is the purpose of the esophagus?

A

To move the food bolus from the mouth to the stomach

54
Q

What marks the entrance of the esophagus to the stomach?

A

A constriction called the lower gastroesophageal sphincter

55
Q

What are sphincters?

A

Muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves

56
Q

Why do sphincters contract?

A

To prevent the acidic stomach contents from backing up into the esophagus

57
Q

When does heartburn occur?

A

When the lower esophageal sphincter fails to open and allow food into the stomach, or when it stays open and food moves from the stomach to the esophagus

58
Q

What can heartburn (GERD) lead to?

A

Damage of the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter

59
Q

When does vomiting occur?

A

When strong contractions of the abdominal muscles and the diaphragm force the contents of the stomach into the esophagus and into the oral cavity

60
Q

Thick walled J-shaped organ that lies on the left side of the body beneath the diaphragm

A

Stomach

61
Q

The stomach is continuous with what two parts?

A

With the esophagus above and the duodenum of the small intestine below

62
Q

What are not absorbed by the stomach?

A

Nutrients

63
Q

What can the stomach absorb and why?

A

Alcohol because it is a fat soluble and can pass through membranes easily

64
Q

What does the oblique layer of the stomach allow it to do?

A

Allows the stomach to stretch and to mechanically break down food into smaller fragments that are mixed with gastric juice

65
Q

The stomach wall has the usual 4 layers, but two of them are modified for particular functions

A

The muscularis contains 3 layers of smooth muscle and the mucosa has folds called rugae

66
Q

What does the mucosa of the stomach have?

A

Millions of gastric pits, which lead into gastric glands

67
Q

Gastric glands produce

A

Gastric juice

68
Q

Gastric juice contains an enzyme called

A

Pepsin plus hydrochloric acid and mucus

69
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Digest protein

70
Q

What is beneficial about the acidity in the stomach?

A

It kills most bacteria present in food

71
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do?

A

It doesn’t digest food but it does break down the connective tissue of meat, and it activates pepsin

72
Q

Thick, soupy liquid of partially digested food

A

Chyme

73
Q

The small intestine contains what to digest all types of foods?

A

Enzymes

74
Q

Most of the enzymes of the small intestine are secreted by the?

A

Pancreas and enter via a duct at the duodenum

75
Q

Emulsification causes

A

Fat droplets to disperse in water

76
Q

What happens after fat is mechanically broken down to fat droplets by bile?

A

It is hydrolyzed to monoglycerides and fatty acids by the enzyme lipase present in pancreatic juice

77
Q

Where is the final place for digestion?

A

Small intestine

Human Biology (42 decks)

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