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Pathogenic Microbiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Protein-based system used to locate specific nucleotide sequence in vivo; some versions cut DNA as part of gene editing

A

CRISPR-Cas system

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2
Q

Technique used to determine which colonies on an agar plate contain a given nucleotide sequence

A

Colony blotting

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3
Q

In vitro procedure used to separate DNA fragments by size

A

DNA gel electrophoresis

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4
Q

Probe-based vitro technique used to study gene expression patterns

A

DNA microaray

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5
Q

Single stranded piece of DNA, tagged with an identifiable marker, this is used to detect a complementary nucleotide sequence is called…

A

DNA probe

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6
Q

In vitro process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a given DNA molecule

A

DNA sequencing

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7
Q

Technique that uses a fluorescent probe to detect a given nucleotide sequence within intact cells on a microscope slide

A

Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

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8
Q

Deliberately altering an organisms genetic information using in vitro techniques

A

Genetic engineering

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9
Q

Procedure in which a DNA fragment is inserted into a vector and then transfered into another cell, where it will br replicated and passed on to the cell’s progeny

A

Molecular cloning

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10
Q

In vitro technique used to amplify a specific region of a DNA molecule, increasing the number of copies exponentially

A

Polymerase chain reaction

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11
Q

DNA molecule created by joining DNA fragments from two different sources

A

Recombinant DNA molecule

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12
Q

Type of enzyme used in vitro to cut a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

A

Restriction enzyme

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13
Q

A DNA molecule, often a plasmid,, that functions as a carrier for cloned DNA

A

Vector

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14
Q

A process taking place in a test tube or culture dish, outside the human body

A

In vitro

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15
Q

Process or procedures taking place inside the human body

A

In vivo

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16
Q

DNA fingerprinting relies on this method/technology

A

PCR

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17
Q

Genetically engineered microorganisms are used to make medically and commercially valuable proteins, to produce a specific DNA sequence, and as a tool for studying gene function and regulation in this process

A

Molecular cloning

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18
Q

Uses to ID microorganisms, track spread of disease, ID cancer types and genetic disorders

A

DNA sequencing

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19
Q

_____ are used to study gene expression

A

DNA microarray

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20
Q

______ are used to detect colonies that contain a specific DNA sequence.

A

Colony blots

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21
Q

Colony blots, Fluorescent in shiu hybridization, and microarrys are this type of technology

A

Probe technology

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22
Q

Type of enzyme that recognizes and cleaves a specific sequence of DNA

A

Restriction enzyme

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23
Q

Restriction enzymes cut DNA (in vitro / vivo)

A

Vitro

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24
Q

Restriction enzymes make staggered cuts in the recognition sequence. The resulting fragments have overhangs called

A

Sticky/ cohesive ends

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25
Q

What does “anneal” mean

A

Form base pairs

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26
Q

How are restriction enzymes named?

EcoRI

A

E = genus
co = species
RI = strain

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27
Q

Enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA.

A

Reverse transcriptase

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28
Q

DNA obtained when reverse transcriptase uses RNA template to synthesize a complementary strand of DNA

A

cDNA

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29
Q

_____ is used to separate DNA fragments by size

A

DNA gel electrophoresis

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30
Q

Put in to correct order. Cloning process

  1. Use restriction enzyme to cut that DNA into fragments
  2. Introduce the recombinant molecule into a host
  3. Join a fragment of the DNA of interest with the vector, creating a recombinant DNA molecule. The DNA fragment is said to have been inserted into the vector, and the fragment itself is referred to as an insert.
  4. Use that same restriction enzyme to cut that DNA into fragments.
  5. Isolate DNA from the organism of interest
A

5.
1.
4.
3.
2.

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31
Q

Vectors in use today have 3 key features

A
  1. Multiple coloning sites
  2. Selectability marker: a gene that encodes for antibiotic resistance, allows for selectivity in growing
  3. Second genetic marker: encodes for observable characteristics (differention) in the recombinant cell
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32
Q

A single-stranded RNA as a guide to recognize a particular DNA or RNA sequence within a cell is called

A

gRNA guide RNA

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33
Q

These two components function in crispr systems

A

Cas nuclease & gRNA

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34
Q

Type of Cas nuclease used to study gene function

A

dCas Dead Cas

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35
Q

How is dCas different from a Cas

A

dCas doesn’t cut the double bonds however it just attaches to them.

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36
Q

Highly automated DNA sequence method that generates huge amounts of data quickly

A

High-throughput sequencing

37
Q

The target fragment amplified exponentially in a PCR reaction

A

PCR product

38
Q

PCR can be used to ID microorganisms from a small amount of DNA

T or F

A

T

39
Q

What enzyme makes the copies in PCR

A

Taq polymerase

40
Q

Why does PCR heat and cool DNA

A

Heat break bonds

Cool allow DNA primers to attach to allow Taq polymerase to make copies

41
Q

4 components of PCR

A

DNA

Taq polymerase

Primers

Deoxynucleotides- four nucleotides required to make the DNA

42
Q

Annealing of 2 complementary strands of DNA from different sources to create a hybrid double stranded molecule

Is used in this process

A

Hybridization

DNA probe

43
Q
  1. Colonies on an agar plate
  2. Colonies are blotted on to a nylon membrane
  3. Membrane is soaked in a Alkaline solution to lyse and denature DNA
  4. Probe is added that binds to protein of interest
  5. By location of where the probe has bound Colonies that have DNA of interest can be ID

Describes which process

A

Colony blotting

44
Q

What does FISH bind to (Type of molecule)

A

rRNA

45
Q

Fluorescent in situ hybridization is used to observe individual cells that contain…..

A

A given nucleotide sequence

46
Q

To obtain Eukaryotic DNA without introns, _____ is used to make cDNA from an mRNA template

A

Reverse transcriptase

47
Q

Scientists use genetically modified ______ of CRISPR systems to modify and study gene function

A

Cas nuclease

48
Q

______ can be used to track disease spread and trace outbreaks

A

Whole genome sequencing (WGS)

49
Q

______ allows for faster, less-expensive sequencing

A

High-throughput sequencing

50
Q

_____ uses cDNA to determine the sequence of RNA

A

RNA-Seq

51
Q

Contains 10s or 100s of thousands of oligonucleotides that each function in a manner analogous to a probe.

A

DNA microarrays

52
Q

Which method is used to generate a DNA library

A

Molecular cloning

53
Q

All of the following are found in what
Origin of replication
Gene encoding resistance to an antibiotics
Multiple-coloning sites
LacZ gene

A

Vector

54
Q

Means of distinguishing cells that have taken up recombinant molecules

A

LacZ

55
Q

The function of dCas molecule along with gRNA is most closely associated with which molecule

Restriction enzyme
DNA probe
Reverse transcriptase
Ligase
Vector

A

DNA probe

56
Q

High-throughput DNA sequencing rarely makes mistakes?

T or False

A

False

57
Q

PCR generates fragments of distinct size even when an intact chromesome is used as a template. What determines the boundaries of the amplified fragments

A

Site to which the primers anneal

58
Q

Genetically Enginered Bacteria

Restriction enzymes cut out DNA at specific _______ and this forms______

A

Recognition sequences

Restriction Fragments

59
Q

Restriction fragments transfered into a new cell must _____ with the DNA of the recipient cell

A

Replicate

60
Q

Fragment of DNA with the gene inserted into a plasmid will form…

A

Recombinant molecule

61
Q

Part of the DNA that is transfed is called…

A

Insert

62
Q

Plasmid carrying the insert is called

A

Vector

63
Q

Gene fusion

Gene being studied fused to a ____

A

Reporter gene

64
Q

How do you know if gene fusion was successful

A

Reporter gene fluoreses

65
Q

Genetically engineered eukaryotes Produce (what are they called) _____

A

Transgenic Organism

66
Q

Bacteria or yeast can transfer DNA to plants this is called…

A

GMO

67
Q

Nucleic acid hybridization

Is the process of what?

A

Bringing 2 (strands) of DNA together to see if they match

68
Q

Nucleic acid hybridization 2 steps

A

Denature & Annealing

69
Q

In Annealing / Hybridization we use ______ to locate area of DNA where gene is located.

can be radioactively or Fluorescently tagged to make ID easier

A

Probe

70
Q

_____ are uses to study gene expression

A

DNA microarrays

71
Q

Colony blots are used to detect colonies that contain a specific DNA sequence; fluorescence in situ hybridization is used in in the same manner

Is this type of technology

A

Probe technology

72
Q

Restriction enzymes cut DNA strands at ________ this generates ______

A

Recognition sequence

Restriction fragments

73
Q

_____ seperate DNA fragments by size

A

DNA gel electrophoresis

74
Q

_______ can locate and alter specific sites in DNA

A

CRISPR systems

75
Q

Cas9 (DNA-cutting enzyme) used for gene editing

Uses ________ to recognize specific DNA sequence

A

Single-stranded RNA

76
Q

Microorganisms are _____ for medical, industrial, research use

Plants and animals are ______ to create GMO

A

Altered

Engineered

77
Q

In DNA cloning

  1. Isolate DNA
  2. Cut with restriction enzyme
  3. Join _____ (DNA fragment) with ____ (plasmid) to generate recombinant molecule
  4. Introduce to host
  5. High-copy-number vector then makes large number of proteins
A

Insert / Vector

78
Q

Plant or animal with a cloned gene is ______

A

Transgenic

79
Q

Eukaryotic gene cloning

  1. Isolate mRNA for a particular protein
  2. Reverse transcribe to single DNA strand (no introns)
  3. Synthesize complementary strand to form double-stranded ______
A

cDNA

80
Q

Generating a Recombinant DNA molecule.

Vector usually a _____ or _____

Has origin of replication, carries coloned DNA

MUST have restriction site(s) where DNA is cut so that ______ can be joined to it

A

Plasmid or bacteriophage

DNA insert

81
Q

_______ a gene encoding resistance to an antibiotic

A

Selectable Marker

82
Q

Recombinant DNA molecule

Gene such as lac z that encodes for a phenotype to distinguish recombinant plasmid from intact vector is called…

A

Second genetic marker

83
Q

Recombinant DNA

Contains the recognition sequence of several different restrictions enzymes

A

Multiple cloning sites

84
Q

PCR method

Double-stranded DNA with targe sequence serves as…..

A

Template

85
Q

DNA probe locates complementary nucleotide sequence and then anneals through

A

Hybridization

86
Q

_____ is commonly used to ID which clononies in a collection contain sequence of interest: ID which bacteria carry a particular gene

A

Colony blotting

87
Q

A hybrid gene formed from 2 previously independiente genes. It can occur as a result of translation, interstitial deletion, or chromosomal inversion.

A

Gene fusion

88
Q

This method uses gas chromatography to create a “microbial fingerprint” based on fatty acid esters

A

F.A.M.E

Pathogenic Microbiology (31 decks)

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