Chapter 21: Respitory Infections Flashcards
Streptococci can be classified based on cell wall carbohydrates by this method
Lancefield grouping
Which is better predictor of disease causing potential
Hemolysis or Lancefield
Lancefield
Eyes and ears associated with ducts to nasal cavity,throat are included in upper respitory
True ir false
True
Goblet cells produce
Mucus
Nose and nasal cavity does this to inspired air
Warm and humidity
Pharyngitis is inflammation of
Throat
Pleomorphic, club shapped Gram-positive rods non mobile
Aerobic/ facultative
Diphtheria
Corynebacterium
Gram-negative rods
Obligate anaerobe
Found in teeth and gums
Fusobacterium
Porphyromonas
Prevotella
Small gram negative rods
Facultative anaerobe
H. Infulenza
Haemophilus
Gram-negative diplococci and diplobacilli
Aerobic some resemble pathogen
Neisseria species N. Meningitidis
Moraxella
Gram-positive cocci in clusters
Facultative anaerobe
Potential pathogen S. aureus commonly in nostrils
Staphylococcus
Gram-positive Cocci in chains
Potential pathogen S. pneumonia
Streptococcus
External ear up to ear drum protected by
Cerumen
Middle ear connected by _______ to nasal pharynx to allow drainage
Eustachian tube
Otitis media is
Infection of ear drum
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs make up
Lower respitory tract
Eyes, Ears, nose, pharynx make up
Upper respitory tract
Larynx is aka
Voice box
Trachea is aka
Wind pipe
Trachea branches into two ___
Bronchi
When alveoli fill with pus and fluid it is called
Pneumonia
Pleura is
The 2 membranes surrounding the lungs
Conjunctivitis is aka
Pink eye
H. influenza & S. pneumoniae often cause
Conjunctivitis (pink eye)
Otitis media (ear ache)
Sinusitis (sinus infection)
Streptococci Pharyngitis aka strept throat is caused by
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram-positive grows in chains
B-hemolysis
Group A streptococci (lancefield)
Streptococcus pyogenes
M protein, Protein F, & Enzymes allow for evasion of host defense in this species
Strep pyrogenes
Some species of S. pyrogenes produce _____ leading to
High / scarlet fever
Toxic shock syndrome
Flesh eating disease
Streptococci pyrogenes Extotoxins
Acute post-streptococcal can lead to
Glomerulonephritis
Diphtheria is this type of disease
Toxin-mediated
Corynebacterium is the causative agent of …
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an A-B exotoxin describe the A & B subunits
A = catalyzes reaction
B = binding
Diphtheria
Epidemiology ___ are the primary reservoir
Humans
Treatment for Diphtheria
Injection of _______
Antiserum to Toxin
Viral infection of Upper Respitory system
____ is the most frequent infections disease in humans
Common Cold
Which virus causes the common cold
Rhinovirus
The rhinovirus infects epithelial cells of the _______
Causing this action of the body’s innate immune system to stop ____
Upper respitory tract
Ciliary motion
The rhinovirus aka common cold what is the only source of this infection
Humans
______ upper respiratory tract infections
Characterized by FEVER
Lymph nodes of neck become swollen
Adenovirus
Pathogenesis of this species includes
Avoids host defense by delaying apoptosis, blocking interferion, interfer with antigen presenting
Following replication, “death protein” causes host cell lysis
Adenovirus
In pneumonia ___ containing pus and blood comes up from the lungs
Sputum
White shadows on chest X rays: Fluid in lungs is a symptom of this disease
Pneumonia
Pathogensis
Often caused by mucocilary elevator is compromised
Causative agent often has CAPSULE that DELAYS PHAGOCYTOSIS
Damaging effects are often due to inflammatory response
Name this Viral Infection
Pneumonia
Pneumonia can be bacterial, viral, fungal
True or false
True
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the Causative agent for this Bacterial pneumonia
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Gram-positive diplococcus know as pneumonococcus
Thick polysaccharides capsule responsible for virulence
Describes the causative agent for this disease
Pneumococcal penumonia
Capsule and (surface protein) PspA interfere with C3b of complement system Blocking phagocytes
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Enterobacteria such as _____ species and other gram-negative rods can cause pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumonia
This pneumonia is common in children and young adults.
Called walking pneumonia
Bacterial
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
Small bacterium lacking cell wall
Slow aerobic growth
Colonies look like fried eggs
Describes the causative agent for this
Bacterial infection AKA walking pneumonia
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
The epidemiology of this bacterial pneumonia is typically very young or very old / people with compromised immune systems ie. Hospitalized paitents
Klebsiella pneumonia
This pneumonia accounts for 1/5 of bacterial pneumonia
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
M. pneumonias illness length will be shorter if given
Macrolides
Pathogenesis of pneumonia
Inhalation of encapsulated pneumonococcus
Inhalation of colonized mucus droplets
Inhalation of infected droplets
Pneumococcal
Klebsiella
Mycoplasma
Epidemiology of pneumonia
Risk increases from compromised immune system
Common causes of health care associated pneumonia
Mild infections common
Pneumococcal
Klebsiella
Mycoplasmal
Pertussis is aka
Whooping cough
Bordella pertussis is the causative agent of…
Whooping cough
With pertussis the paitent is most infectious during the
Catarrhal stage
How is whooping cough preventable
Vaccine
DTaP
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis
Signs and symptoms of this disease include 3 stages
Catarrhal: runny rose fever
Paroxymial: violent coughing
Convalescence
Pertussis - Whooping Cough
Pathogenesis
Colonize lower respitory tract
Cilary action slowed
Toxins released cause death of epithelial cells & increased cAMP
Rise in lymphocytes
Pertussis: whooping cough
TB
Can be a latent infection first and may later become active
True or false
True
Slender acid fast rod shapped bacteria
Strict aerobic generation time 16 hr
Describe this causative agent
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pathogenesis of this disease includes
Alveolar macrophages eating them
Due to Mycolic acids they prevent fusion of the phagosome and lysosome
Pro-inflammatory response calls more macrophages
Form a granuloma called a “tubercles”
TB
Lymphocytes on the outside of the tubercle seen on an Xray are called
Ghon foci
Lymphocytes on outside of tubercle with lymph nodes involved are called
Ghon complex
Foamy macrophages (with lipids) thought to play important role in death of tissue are called
From this disease
Caseous necrosis
TB
Tubercle ruptures, releases bacteria, dead material
Causes large lung defects called
Tuberculous Cavity
Both skin and blood tests, lung x rays are used to ID this Bacterial Infection of Lower Respitory System
TB
Treatment for this Bacterial Lower Respitory Infection is Lengthy
4 and then 2 anti Bacterial medications
TB
This causative agent of this Bacterial infection of Lower Respitory
Stains poorly immunofluorescence
Gram-negative rod, fastidious
Persist in biofilms
Legionella pneumonia
Epidemiology
Wide spread in warm waters containing protozoan, which house the bacteria
From aerosols from air-conditioning systems, nebulizer, water faucets
No Person to Person Spread
Legionellosis
Primarily a disease of live stock describes this Bacterial infection of the lower respitory system
Inhalation anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Causative agent
Endospore forming , Gram positive, non-hemolytic , non-motile, rod shapped bacteria
Bacillus anthracis
Epidemiology
Zoonosis can be transmitted to humans working with animals or animal products
Not person to person
Describes this Bacterial lower respitory disease
Anthrax
Influenza (flu)
Is this type ___ of Infection of the lower respitory system
Viral
Minor mutations in HA and NA genes responsible for seasonal influenza are due to this
Antigentic drift
Antigenic shift: uncommon concurrent infection allows mixture of 8 RNA segments and causes
Pandemic influenza
Children 5 - 15 with influenza should not be given a aspirin due to
Reyes syndrome
This viral infection of the Lower Respitory system
Causative agent; Enveloped single stranded RNA “paramyxovirus”
Respitory Syncytial Virus
(RSV)
Treatment of this viral infection of the lower respitory system
No vaccine
No antiviral treatment
Passive immunization with immune globulins or monoclonal antibodies
Respitory Syncytical Virus
(RSV)
Fungal infection of lower respitory system
Newly emerging disease 1993
Associated with exposure to mice
Hantavirus
Causative agent Fungal infection
Sin nombre virus / bunyavirus
Enveloped single stranded RNA genome 3 segment
Affects rodents but is harmless to them
Hantavirus
Pathogenesis
enters by Inhalation of dust contaminated with urine, feces , salvia, of infected rodents
FUNGAL INFECTION LOWER RESPITORY
Person to Person infection rare
Havtavirus
Does hantavirus have any treatment or prevention
Nope
2 novel coronaviruses caused by new diseases
SARS Sever Acute Respitory Syndrome
MERS Middle East Respitory Syndrome
Causative agents of SARS and MERS
SARS coronavirus
MERS coronavirus
Enveloped single stranded RNA virus with spikes on surface giving a Crown like appearance
SARS & MERS
Pathogenesis
Infect cells in lower respitory tract
Replicate genome with virus induced vesicles that hide from host response
Produces Strong Cytokine storm
SARS & MERS
Zoonotic virus, bats
Transmitted person to person
Respitory droplets
SARS & MERS
Treatment available for SARS & MERS
No, only experimental treatments
Ventilador
Valley fever aka
Coccidioidomycosis
People exposed to dust and soil in the southwest are most likely to develop this disease
From this fungus
Valley fever
Coccidiodomycosis
Pathogenesis
______ inhaled
From this dimorphic Fungus
Coccidioidomycosis / Valley Fever
Arthroconidia
______ aka ( Spelunkers Disease)
Usually benign
Histoplasmosis
The causative agent from this disease is: Histoplasma capsulatum
Spelunkers disease
Sever lung infection
Killed malnurished premature infants
From Fungus infection
Pneumocytis pneumonia
Causative agent if this disease is:
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Tiny yeast-like Fungus
Pathogenesis: cells inhaled into lung tissue
Pneumocytis pneumonia
Pink eye, earache, sinus infections
All have the same Causative agents (2)
Haemophilus influenza & Streptococcus pneumoniae
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called …
Has this type of staining property
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Acid fast
Conjunctivitis, otitis media, sinusitis
(Haemophilus influenza & Streptococcus pneumonia)
Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep throat)
(Streptococcal pyogenes)
Diphtheria
(Corynebacterium diphtheria)
Are all what kind of infection where
Bacterial infections of Upper respitory system
Common cold (Rhino virus / Picornavirus)
Adenovirus
Are viruses located where
Upper respitory tract
Streptococcus pneumonia causes
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Ghon foci and ghon complex are involved in this disease
TB
Bordetella pertussis is a bacteria that causes this lower respitory system disease
Pertussis (whopping cough)
Lower respitory start below the epiglottis and includes
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs & alveoli
What is the normal flora if the lower respitory system
None
Pneumonitis is…
Inflammation of the lungs
Sinuses, middle ear, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli have this normal flora
None, sterile
Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, mouth, throat contain normal flora
Yes , no need to be specific
A quick test in the Dr’s office will reveal “Lancefield Group A Carbohydrate “ in relation to this UPPER RESPITORY BACTERIAL INFECTION
Strep throat (Streptococcus pyogenes)
Pathogenesis of the UPPER RESPITORY BACTERIAL INFECTION
C5a Peptidase
Hyaluronic Capsule
M-Protein
Protein F
Protein G
Strep throat (S. pyrogenes)
Scarlet fever
Toxic shock syndrome
Flesh eating
Act as super antigens
Are all associated with the Exotoxins from this UPPER RESPITORY BACTERIAL INFECTION
Strep throat (Streptococcus pyrogenes)
Streptolysons O & S cause this type of Hemolysis of both RBC & WBC
(UPPER RESPITORY BACTERIAL INFECTION) Strep throat (S pyrogenes)
Beta hemolysis
Quincy abcess of tonsils (During)
Kidney inflammation (Acute Glomerular Nephritis) &
Acute Rheumatic Fever (Both After)
Are associated with this UPPER RESPITORY BACTERIAL INFECTION
Strep throat (Streptococcus pyogenes)
Diphtheria is an UPPER RESPITORY BACTERIAL INFECTION caused by
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Diphtheria a UPPER RESPITORY BACTERIAL INFECTION is caused by corynebacterium Diphtheria and produces this type of toxin
Exotoxin
Special media is needed to grow Corynebacterium diphtheria what is special about the requirements of this growth medium
Too little Iron
Iron will bind to repressor and shut down Toxin production
Pathogenesis
Corynebacterium diphtheria doesn’t invade tissue ; however, it releases _____ into the blood system.
Exotoxin
Diphtheria a Bacterial Upper respitory tract infection
What are the reservoirs of infection
Humans Only
Prevention of Diphtheria (UPPER RESPITORY BACTERIAL INFECTION) is…
DPT vaccine
Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus
UPPER RESPITORY BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Pink eye: Conjunctivitis
Otitis Media: Ear ache
Sinusitis
Are caused by these 2 bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza
The Rhinovirus which is a viral infection of the upper respitory tract is in this family of viruses
Picornavirus
This is the sever VIRAL infection of the UPPER RESPITORY TRACT.
Fever associated
Adenovirus
Andenoviral Pharyngitis
Which pneumonia has a vaccine
Pneumococcal pneumonia
This pneumonia has a higher risk for drug users and people with lung issues
This pneumonia often colonies people who are taking antibiotics
This pneumonia is the most mild of all
Pneumococcal
Klebsiella
Mycoplasma
What are nosocomial infections
Hospital
Rusty colored sputum is associated with this type of bacterial pneumonia
Jelly red sputum is associated with this
Pneumococcal
Klebsiella
This type of pneumonia has lung tissue death. The others don’t
Klebsiella (enterobacter) kills lung tissue
This pneumonia is a “Rod shapped Gram-negative “ & “Enterobacter “
Klebsiella
This pneumonia is most likely to cause death and is resistant to most antibiotics
Klebsiella
Bordetella pertussis causes this LOWER RESPITORY BACTERIAL INFECTION
Whopping cough
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes this LOWER RESPITORY BACTERIAL INFECTION
TB
What is Mycobacterium staining process
Acid fast
This LOWER RESPITORY BACTERIAL INFECTION
Is associated with macrophages taking in the bacteria then get lysed.
Macrophages form Giant Cell & then granulomas
TB Mycobacterium tuberculosis
This TB test involves injecting the skin with purified protein derivative of TB
Mantoux
LOWER RESPITORY BACTERIAL INFECTION
from protozoa this disease is spread through aersol droplets
Legionairs disease
This virus of the lower respitory tract is an orthomyxovirus
Influenza
8 piece single stranded RNA virus describes
Influenza virus
In influenza
Mutations in H antigen =
Genetic mixing if 2 viruses infect the same host =
Antigenic Drift
Antigenic Shift
Guillain-Bure syndrome is associated with what?
Paralysis due to influenza vaccine 1/100,000
Croup cough, destruction of the larynx, is due to this LOWER RESPITORY VIRAL INFECTION
RSV
Respitory Syncycial Virus
This LOWER RESPITORY VIRUS
allows air into the lungs but not out
RSV
Respitory Syncycial Virus
This LOWER RESPITORY FUNGAL INFECTION
is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
Dimorphic: Yeast in host
Mold in soil
Spelunkers disease
This LOWER RESPITORY FUNGAL INFECTION
Organism: Bunyavirus
Carried by infected rodents
No treatment
$$$$$$ good card $$$$$
Hantavirus
Diphtheria (corynebacterium Diphtheria)
Strept Throat (Streptococcus pyogenes)
Pinkeye (Conjunctivitis)
Ear infection (Otitis Media)
Sinitus
(Haemophilus influenza & Streptococcus pneumonia)
All of this in common
Bacterial infections of Upper respitory tract
Influenza (Orthomyxovirus)
RSV ( paramyxovirus)
SARS & MERS ( Corona Virus)
Lower viral respitory
Whooping cough (bordetella pertussis)
TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Legionairs disease (legionella pneumonia)
Inhalation Anthrax (Bacillus Anthracis)
All have this in common
Bacterial Lower Respitory
Spelunkers disease (histoplasma capsulatum)
Hantavirus (Bunyavirus)
Valley fever (coccidioidomycosis)
All have this in common
Lower respitory FUNGAL INFECTION
Streptococcus pyogenes
Name disease
Location
Strep throat
Upper
Haemophilus influenza & Streptococcus pneumonia
Name diseases and location
Conjunctivitis, otitis media, Sinitus
Upper respitory tract
Adenovirus Pharyngitis
Name disease
Location
Adenovirus
Upper respitory tract
Rhinovirus
Name disease
Location
Common cold
Upper respitory tract
Orthomyxovirus
Disease
Location
Influenza
Lower Respitory tract
Paramyxovirus
Disease
Location
RSV Respitory Syncycial Virus
Low Respitory tract
Coronavirus
Diseases
Location
SARS & MERS
SUDDEN ACUTE RESPITORY SYNDROME
MIDDLE EAST RESPITORY SYNDROME
Lower respitory tract
Bordetella pertussis
Disease
Location
Whopping cough
Lower Respitory system
Mycobacterium causes this disease
Location
TB
Lower Respitory system
Legionella pneumonia
Disease
Location
Legionairs
Lower Respitory system
Bunyavirus (fungal)
Disease
Location
Hantavirus
Lower Respitory tract
