Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathogenic Microbiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Movement of a cell toward or away certain chemicals in the environment

A

Chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bacteria that have a cell wall characterized by a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane, Pink when gram stained

A

Gram-negative bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bacteria that have a cell wall with a thick layer of peptidoglycan contain teichoic acid Purple when stained

A

Gram-positive bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which molecule makes up the outer layer of the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

A

Lipopolysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Macromolecule that provides strength to the cell wall and only found in bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gel-like material that fills the region between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

Also, the cytoplasmic membrane and peptidoglycan layer of atleast some Gram-positive bacteria

A

Periplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell surface structure that allows cells to adhere to certain materials; some types are involved in a mechanism of DNA transfer.

A

Pilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Extra chromosomal DNA molecule that replicates independent of the chromesome.

A

Plasmid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Layers surrounding the contents of the cell; they include the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, amd capsule (if present)

A

Cell envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which type of cell most often has a capsule. Which rarely do

A

Bacteria/ archea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm is called

A

Cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Region of the prokaryotic cell containing the DNA

A

Nucleoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What determines that cells boundary determining what can go into and out of the cell

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This describes the dynamic nature of the cytoplasmic membrane

A

Fluid mosaic model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can pass through the cytoplasmic membrane freely

A

Gases, hydrophobic molecules, water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Osmosis occurs when the concentration of salutes on 2 sides of a membrane is unequal

True or False

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Water flows from hypotonic to hypertonic

True or False

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Form of energy generated as an electron transport chain moves protons across a membrane to create a chemiosmotic gradient

A

Proton motive force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have an electron transport chain?

If so where is it located

A

Yes
The cytoplasmic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

These transporters move waste products and toxic substances out of the cell

A

Effux pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Transport process that moves compounds across a membrane down a concentration gradient, no ATP required

A

Facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Energy-consuming process by which cells move molecules across a membrane and against a concentration gradient

A

Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Type of transport process that chemically alters a molecule during its passage through the cytoplasmic membrane

Exp.

A phosphate group is added to a sugar- a modification called Phosphorylation

A

Group translocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Facilitated transport is commonly used in prokaryotic cells

True or False

A

False

Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In prokaryotic cells which type of energy is used?

A

Proton motive force & ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In this type of transport mechanism the molecule is chemically altered

A

Group translocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do macromolecules get into prokaryotic cells?

A

They are first broken down by exoenzymes.

Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Amino acid sequence that directs cellular machinery to secrete a polypeptide

A

Signal sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What serves as the backbone to peptidoglycan?

A

NAM & NAG
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Attached to the NAM molecule is a _______ (a string of 4 amino acids) that play an important role in the strength of peptidoglycan

A

Tetrapeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In ______ the connection between tetrapeptide chains is direct, whereas in _________ the connection is usually via a peptide interbridge

A

Gram-negative/ Gram-positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A cell wall glycopolymer found in gram-positive bacteria.

A

Teichoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Peptidoglycan is a polymeric macromolecule made up of linear glycan strands attached to each other by ___________

A

Peptide bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In prokaryotic cells, the unique lipid bi-layer of Gram-negative cells that surrounds the peptidoglycan layer

A

Outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The outer layer of Gram-negative is made of ….

A

Lipopolysaccharide LPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

LPS component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, lipid A is responsible for the toxic properties of LPS and is called an…

A

Endotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

2 notable parts of the lipopolysaccharide

Describe

A

Lipid A: anchors the LPS in the lipid bilayer. This is the portion the body recognizes as invading Gram-negative bacteria

O antigen directed away from the membrane these sugar molecule chains are used to identify species or stains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Like the cytoplasmic membrane the _______ serves as a barrier to the passage of most molecules

A

Outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Proteins in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that form channels through which small molecules can pass

A

Porins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Gram-negative are (more or less) sensitive to medications than gram-positive?

Why

A

Less

They includes the outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

These play a critical role in the disease process of certain pathogens by allowing proteins across both the outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane

A

Secretion systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Región between the cytoplasmic and outer membrane is called….

In gram-negative bacteria all exported proteins accumulate here unless specifically moved across the outer membrane as well

A

Periplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

This interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis by preventing cross-linking by inhibiting the enzymes that make crosslinking possible

A

Penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

This enzyme breaks the bonds that link alternating subunits of glycan chains.

It has trouble getting past the outter membrane on gram-negative so it is more effective on gram-positive bacteria

A

Lysozyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Mycoplasma is special because….

A

It lacks a cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is a type of bacteria that neither penicillin nor lysozyme can affect?

A

Mycoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Archea have this located in the cell wall which are subunits that self-assemble

A

S-layers (sheets of flat proteins or glycoproteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Which type of bacteria has teixhoic acids?

A

Gram-positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

A distinct, thick gelatinous material that surrounds some microorganisms

A

Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

A diffuse and irregular material that surrounds some microorganisms

A

Slime layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Function of the Capsule/ Slime layer

A

Interferes with the immune system

Protección or to attach to a surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Capsules and slime layers are commonly referred to as…

A

Glycocalyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Polymer-encased community of microorganisms is called

A

Biofilm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The polymers of biofilm are collectively known as …

A

Extracellular polymeric substance EPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are peritrichous flagella?

A

Flagella located all around the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

A single flagella located at 1 end of the cell is called

A

Polar flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

3 parts of flagella Start with the one closest to the cell body

A

Basal body: attaches the structure to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane

Hook: flexible curved segment that extends from basal body, connecting it to the filament.

Filament: the part that spins to create motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

The filament of the flagella is made from subunits called…

A

Flagellin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How do flagella get the energy to propell themselves

A

Proton motive force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Archaea don’t have flagella they have _____ for locomoción

What are the differences between flagella and Archeas Locomotion systems?

A

Archaella

Archella use ATP instead of Proton motive force.

They are not hollow and about half the size.

61
Q

Common pili or ______ allow bacterial cells to attach to specific surfaces

A

Fimbriae

62
Q

Pili can be used for sex

True or false

A

True

63
Q

Describe the appearance of the prokaryotic chromesome

A

Single, circular double stranded DNA molecule

64
Q

Region of the prokaryotic cell that contains DNA

A

Nucleoid

65
Q

Extrachromosomal DNA molecule that replicates independent of the chromesome

A

Plasmid

66
Q

What accounts for the increasing frequency of antibiotic-resistanant bacteria?

A

Plasmid transfer between bacteria

67
Q

What are the ribosomes called in Prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells?

A

S70

S80

68
Q

Bacteria have proteins that are similar to the cytoskeleton, what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Provide support and structure to the cell

69
Q

An accumulation of a high-molecular-weight polymer synthesized form a nutrient that a cell has in relative excess.

A

Storage granule

70
Q

These small rigid structures physically seperate certain reactions or functions from the cells cytosol.

Give the 3 examples and their functions

A

Protien based compartments

Gas vesicles: boyence

Bacterial microcompartments: Contain enzymes

Encapsulin nanocompartments: Hold certain proteins in protection, Example is binding of IRON

71
Q

What causes endospore formulation or sporulation?

A

Limiting amounts of Carbon or Nitrogen

72
Q

Layers outside the cell wall, usually made of polysaccharides, often involved in biofilm formation

A

Capsules and slime layers

73
Q

This type of bacteria contains teichoic and lipoteichoic acids

A

Gram-positive

74
Q

Thin peptidoglycan, surrounded by outer membrane, outer membrane made if lipopolysaccharide

A

Gram-negative

75
Q

Lumen is the interior of an organelle

True or False

A

True

76
Q

A molecule that specifically binds to a given receptor is called…

A

Ligand

77
Q

Interaction between what is important in cell signaling?

A

Receptor - ligand

78
Q

What provides strength to Eukaryotic membranes

A

Sterols

79
Q

What is ergosterol?

A

The sterol in the Fungus membrane that makes it stronger.

80
Q

______ is a type of protein found in the cell membranes that transports certain compounds across the membrane. May also be called permease or transporter protein

A

Carrier

81
Q

Cells of multicellular organisms often take in nutrients by facilitated diffusion

True or False

A

True

82
Q

Cells use _____ to take in material too large to fit through transport proteins.

A

Endocytosis

83
Q

Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis where the cell…

A

Drinks

84
Q

This is used by cells to take up extracellular ligands that bind to the receptors surface

A

Receptor-Mediated endocytosis

85
Q

Secretary vesicles inside the cell fuse with the cytoplasmic membrane and release their contents out of the cell

A

Exocytosis

86
Q

These proteins allow the cell cytoplasm to move

A

Actin Filaments

87
Q

The thickest of the cytoskeleton components is responsible for forming the mitotic spindles, are made of tubulin, and main structures that make up cillia and flagella

A

Microtubules

88
Q

This part of the cytoskeleton strength the cell mechanically and allows the cell to resist physical stress.

A

Intermediate filaments

89
Q

What is the boundary of the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

90
Q

What allows large molecules such as ribosomal subunits into and out of the nucleus

A

Nuclear pores

91
Q

The nuclear envelope is a phospholipid bilayer

True or False

A

True

It is a double phospholipid bi layer

92
Q

Mitochondria has 2 membranes the outer is smooth but the inner is highly folded forming invaginations called….

A

Cristae

93
Q

Purpose of the cristae in mitochondria

A

Increase surface area to increase ATP production

94
Q

Gel like material of mitochondria that contains DNA, Ribosomes and other molecules necessary for protein synthesis

A

Matrix

95
Q

Theory that the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts were bacteria that had been residing with in other cells in a mutually beneficial partnership

A

Endosymbiotic theory

96
Q

Which 2 organells are throught to be former bacteria that is now in a symbotic relationship with Eukaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondria & Chlorophyll

They both have their own DNA & Double membrane cells

97
Q

The flagella of this type of cell have a 9 + 2 arrangement of Microtubules

A

Eukaryotes

98
Q

Where are proteins not designed for the cytoplasm made?

A

Rough ER

99
Q

Smooth ER does not only lipid synthesis but…

A

Calcium ion storage

100
Q

In microscopy, the number of different visible shades in a specimen

A

Contrast

101
Q

Microscope that give a 3D appearance

A

Differential interference contrast DIC

102
Q

These microscopes project a Lightwave “into” a specimen rather than through

This allows the observer to view microbes attached to opaque substances such as dirt

A

Fluorscene microscope

103
Q

Type of microscope that scans laser beams across a specimen, allowing 3D images of a thick structure to be constructed

A

Scanning laser microscope

104
Q

Type of scanning probe microscope that has a tip mounted so it can respond to the slightest force between the tip and the sample

A

Atomic force microscope

105
Q

Increases contrast by amplifying differences in refractive index

A

Phase-contrast microscope

106
Q

2 light beams pass through the sample and recombne for a 3D image

A

Differential interface contrast

107
Q

Mirrors scan a laser beam across successive regions and planes of a specimen. From that a computer constructs a 3D image

A

Scanning laser

108
Q

Difference between Transmission & Scanning Electron Microscope

A

Transmission electrons go through sample

Scanning goes back and forth over the surface of a specimen

109
Q

4 steps in the gram staining technique

A
  1. Primary Stain: Crystal violet in this case.
  2. Rinse, add Gram’s iodine
  3. Rinse, add 95% Alcohol
  4. Rinse, 2ndry stain “counter stain” used to dye the Gram-negative. Red safranin is used for this purpose.
110
Q

A procedure used to stain microbes that don’t take up dyes, Mycobacterium

A

Acid-fast stain

111
Q

Acid-fast staining

3 steps

A
  1. Red dye Carbol Fuchsin
  2. Rinse, Acid Alcohol Decoloring agent
  3. Methy Blue is the counter stain
112
Q

India ink is added to a suspension of cells to make a wet mount. Only the background is dyed allowing the capsule to be seen

What type of stain is this

A

Capsule stain

113
Q

Malachite green is the typical dye used. Gently heated and rinsed with water. Countered stained with safranin red is done to observe these

A

Endospores

114
Q

Organic compound is…

A

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon

115
Q

What keeps proteins from unwinding

A

Sulfrhyl Group

116
Q

Cellulose is aka and is indigestible

A

Fiber

117
Q

A bacterial polysaccharide is called…

A

Dextran

118
Q

Nucleotides are linked by ________ phosphate groups

A

Covalent

119
Q

Which are double rings in the nucleotides.

Single rings

A

Double rings AG Purine

Single Ring Pyridamine

120
Q

methylene blue, crystal violet, malachite green, and safranin are this kind of dye

cationic or positively charged dyes bind to negatively charged components in the cell membrane and cytoplasm

A

Basic dyes

121
Q

Which dyes are cationic or positively charged.

Which dyes are anonic or negatively charged

A

Catonic = basic

Anonic = Acid

122
Q

What is the charge of the bacterial cell membrane

A

Negative

123
Q

Acid dyes included

A

India ink, Congo red, nigrosoine

124
Q

Which is more negatively charged

Gram Positive or Gram Negative

A

Gram-positive

125
Q

Which type of cells always has tightly coiled chromesomes

A

Prokaryotic

126
Q

Use _____ to intensify the contrast between the object and the background

A

Stain

127
Q

What part of the microscope control the brightness of the light bulb

A

Rheostat

128
Q

These are damage caused to the specimen during preparation and can be seen on the microscope slide

A

Artifacts

129
Q

What increases the binding of a stain

A

Mordant

130
Q

Pleomorphic means ….

A

Many shapes

131
Q

This cork-screw shapped bacteria is more rigid

While this type moves with an expanding & twrilling motion

A

Spirillum / Spirochete

132
Q

Mrna –> _____, —> Trna

A

Rrna

133
Q

What are the anti-codons for

DNA A G C
–|–|–|–
RNA

A

U C G

134
Q

What transfers in the Pilli?

A

Plasmids

135
Q

Gas vesicles are common in this type of bacteria

A

Aquatic bacteria

136
Q

What is special about the archea phospholipid layer

A

It’s only 1 layer and the tails are not fatty acid

137
Q

Diffusion of solid or gas through a membrane is called

A

Dialysis

138
Q

What will happen to a bacteria in a hypotonic solution?

Hypertonic?

A

Hypotonic water will enter until a safe point due to the cell wall

Hypertonic the water will leave the cell shriveling it

139
Q

An effux pump is responsible to this type of movement in and out of the cell by using Proton Motive Force

A

Active Transport

140
Q

Polypeptides tagged for secretion via _________ of amino acids

A

Signal sequence

141
Q

Why is gram positive more negatively charged?

A

Teichoic acid makes it more negatively charged

142
Q

How does penicillin work

A

Prevents dividing bacteria from forming a cell wall

143
Q

Where will you find lysozyme

A

Tears, saliva, bodily fluids

144
Q

Which type of alcohol for gram stain?
Which type for acid fast stain?

A

Aceton for Gram

Acid alcohol for fast acid

145
Q

Mycobacterium is used in which kind of staining? Does it have a cell wall

Mycoplasma does it have a cell wall?

A

Mycobacterium is used in Acid Fast staining and it does have a cell wall

Mycoplasma does not have a cell wall.

146
Q

Pilli for attachment =

A

Fimbriae

147
Q

The cell wall gives plant cells their shape what give animal cells their shape?

A

Cytoskeleton

148
Q

This carries the sequence of Codons while this carries the Anticodons

A

mRNA CODONS

tRNA AntiCodons

149
Q

____________ allow the microorganisms to regulate their internal environment by removing toxic substances, including antimicrobial agents, metabolites and quorum sensing signal molecules.

A

Efflux pumps

Pathogenic Microbiology (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions