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Pathogenic Microbiology > Chapter 14: Innate Immune Response > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Innate Immune Response Flashcards

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1
Q

Series of proteins in blood and tissue fluids that can be activated to help destroy and remove invading microbes

A

Complement System

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2
Q

Proteins that function as chemical messengers, allowing the cells involved in host defense to communicate

A

Cytokines

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3
Q

Coordinated innate response with the purpose of containing a site of damage, localizing response, eliminating the invader, and restoring tissue function.

A

Inflammatory Response

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4
Q

Host defense involving anatomical barriers, sensor system that recognizes patterns associated with microbes or tissue damage, phagocitic cells, inflammatory response, and fever

A

Innate immunity

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5
Q

Type of phagocitic cell that wanders or resides in tissue; it has multiple roles, including scavenging debris and producing Pro-inflammatory Cytokines

A

Macrophages

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6
Q

Complement system components assembled to form pores in membranes of the invading cells

A

Membrane Attack Complexs
MACs

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7
Q

Major phagocitic cell in the blood; first responders, use multiple mechanics to kill invading cells

A

Neutrophils

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8
Q

Coating of an object with molecules for which phagocytes have receptors, making it easier for phagocytosis to occur

A

Opsonization

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9
Q

Proteins on or in cells that recognize specific compounds unique to microbes or tissue damage

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors

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10
Q

Protection provided by immune response that improve due to exposure to antigens; involves B and T cells

A

Adaptive immune

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11
Q

Substance that causes immune response is called _____.

They are molecules that reacts specifically with either an Antibody or an Antigen Receptor on a lymphocyte

A

Antigen

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12
Q

Produced by the adaptive immune system, this Y shapped protein binds antigens

A

Antibody

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13
Q

Innate immune system contains 3 lines of defense

A

1st line (Skin & mucus membranes / antimicrobial substances)

Sensory systems ( Pattern recognition receptors / Complement System)

Innate effector actions
(Interferon Response, Phagocytes, Complement Activation, Inflammatory Response, Fever)

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14
Q

1st line defense innate immune system

A

Skin & mucus membranes / antimicrobial substances

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15
Q

2nd line defense Innate immune system

A

Sensory systems (Pattern Recognition receptors/ Complement System)

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16
Q

3rd line of defense Innate immune system

A

Innate effector actions
(Interferon Response, Phagocytes, Complement Activation, Inflammatory Response, Fever)

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17
Q

Cells that help the immune system detect signs of invasion by producing cytokines when their pattern recognition receptors recognize an invading microbe

A

Sentinel cell

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18
Q

____ cells use Pattern Recognition receptors to detect microbe components ,such as peptidoglycan, and produce cytokines as an alert

A

Sentinel Cells

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19
Q

Cytokines that induce a cell to resist viral replication; they also help regulate the immune system.

A

Interferons

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20
Q

Contraction of intestines that propels food toward the anus

A

Peristalsis

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21
Q

Layer of mucus moved by cilia lining the respiratory tract that moves particles away from the lungs

A

Mucocillay elevator

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22
Q

Enzyme that degrades peptidoglycan found in body fluids

A

Lysozyme

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23
Q

Iron binding proteins that deprive microbes of Iron a necessary compound

Found in saliva, mucus, milk

A

Lactoferrin

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24
Q

An Iron binding protien found in blood and tissue fluids

A

Transferrin

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25
Q

Short antimicrobial peptides produced by Eukaryotic cells to fight infections in the Innate immune system

A

Defensins

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26
Q

Phagocytes have these positively charged AMPs called

A

Defensins

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27
Q

Formation of blood cells is called

A

Hematopoiesis

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28
Q

Bone marrow cells that give rise to all blood cells

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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29
Q

Thrombocytes (Platelets) are fragments of large cells called…

A

Megakaryocytes

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30
Q

Leukocytes (white blood cells) can be divided into 2 categories

A

Granulocytes, Agranulocytes (lymphocytes & Monocytes)

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31
Q

A group of cytokines that direct the development of various types of blood cells from hematpoietic stem cells

A

Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs)

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32
Q

Monocytes can turn into… (2)

A

Macrophages & Dendritic cells

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33
Q

B cells turn into…

A

Effector Plasma cells & Memory Cells

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34
Q

Release of mediators from a cells granules, such as histamine released from a mast cells

A

Degranulation

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35
Q

Neutrophils can also ____ acting as a mobile grenade

A

Degranulate

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36
Q

These granulcytes are responsible for ridding of worms

A

Eosinophils

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37
Q

_____ are Granulocytes that are involved in alergic reactions and inflammation and found in the blood contain Histamines

_____ have a simular function but are found in the tissue rather than the blood. They are an important Sentinel cell

A

Basophil

Mast cell

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38
Q

Monocytes circulate in the ______

But when they move to the tissues they are called…. (2)

A

Blood

Macrophages & Dendritic cells

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39
Q

Antigen-presenting cells that play a role in activation of naive T cells

A

Dendritic cells

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40
Q

Group of Leukocytes that are involved in adaptive immunity

A

Lymphocytes

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41
Q

Lymphocytes typically reside …

A

In lymph nodes

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42
Q

A group of lymphocytes that lack specifity, included natural killer cells

A

Innate lymphoid cells

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43
Q

Lymphocyte that induces apoptosis in cells to which antibody has bound or lack MHC class 1 molecule

A

Natural Killer cell

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44
Q

Mononuclear Phagocytes includes (3)

A

Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

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45
Q

_____ serve as scouts for the adaptive immune system

A

Dendritic cells

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46
Q

Protiens in the cell membrane which are the “eyes” and “ears” of the cell

A

Surface receptors

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47
Q

A molecule that specifically binds to a given receptor

A

Ligand

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48
Q

Protiens that function as chemical messengers, allowing cells in host defense to communicate

A

Cytokines

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49
Q

Important in the chemotaxis of cells of the immune system (Type of cytokine)

A

Chemokine

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50
Q

A group of cytokines that direct development of various types of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells

A

Colony-stimulating Factors

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51
Q

Cytokines that induce cells to resist viral replication, help regulate the immune system

A

Intererons

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52
Q

Cytokines produced by Leukocytes, over lapping functions, involved in both innate and adaptive immunity

A

Interleukins

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53
Q

Tumor necrosis factor is a type of
..

A

Cytokine

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54
Q

Cytokines main effect is…

A

Chemotaxis (movement toward or away from certain gradients)

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55
Q

Potentially deadly over production of cytokines during immune response

A

Cytokine storm

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56
Q

Molecules that characterize invading microbes

A

Microbe-associated molecular patterns

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57
Q

Pattern recognition receptors have 3 locations.

A

Cell surface
Inside phagosomes / endosomes
Cytoplasm

58
Q

Pattern recognition receptors are located on which type of cells?

A

Dendritic cells & macrophages

59
Q

_____ receptors are found in the membrane of Sentinel cell

A

Toll-like receptors

60
Q

Most cells have Pattern recognition receptors inside the cytoplasm called… (2)

A

Rig-like receptors (monitor for virus RNA)

NOD-like (monitors microbial components or Cell damge.)

61
Q

Protein complex in macrophages that activates a potent proinflammatory cytokine

A

Inflammasome

62
Q

When a cells PRRs detect viral RNA, the cell responds by secreting _____ that induces nearby cells to go into an antiviral state

A

Interferon

63
Q

____ triggers an interferon response

A

Viral RNA

64
Q

Series of proteins that routinely circulate in the blood and the fluid that bathes tissues.

Proteins are inactive form until a microbe actives them

A

Complement system

65
Q

The complement system can be activated by 3 different pathways that converge when a complex called ________ is formed

A

C3 convertase

66
Q

The complement system can be activated by the Alternative Pathway in this manner

A

C3b binding to microbial invaders

67
Q

The complement system can be activated by the Lectin Pathway by….

A

Mannose-binding lectin binding to microbial invaders

68
Q

The Complement system can be activated by the Classic Pathway by….

A

Antibodies binding to microbial invaders

69
Q

Antigen-antibody complex is aka

A

Immune complex

70
Q

C3 convetase has of the complement system has 3 major final functions

A

Inflammatory response
Opsonization (tag foreign cells for Phagocytosis)
Lysis of foreign cells

71
Q

Complexes of complement system proteins form structures that cause cell lysis. These structures are called

A

Membrane attack complexs

72
Q

Phagocytes are attracted to infection via ______ including products of microorganisms, materials released by injured host cells, chemokines, Complements system component C5a

A

Chemotaxis

73
Q

Phagocytes can bind 2 ways to a microbe

Direct
Indirect

Explain

A

Direct: bind to the mannose molecules on microbes surface

Indirect: bind to Opsonins (C3b or Certain Antibodies)

74
Q

Membrane bound molecule that contains material engulfed by a Phagocyte

A

Phagosome

75
Q

Phagosome fuses with a ____ to destroy ingested material

Creating what?

A

Lysozyme

Phagolysosome

76
Q

Hydrolytic acid is formed in______

It travels to the golgi apparatus to form_____

A

Endoplasmic reticlum

Lysosomes

77
Q

Very large cell with many nuclei, formed by the fusion of many macrophages during chronic inflammatory response, found in granulomas

A

Giant cells

78
Q

Collection of lymphocytes and macrophages that accumulate in certain chronic infections, an attempt to wall off and contain persistent organsims and antigens

A

Granulomas

79
Q

Inflammation leads to ___ of blood vessels, leakage of fluid from blood vessels, and migration of Leukocytes from blood to tissue

A

Dilation

80
Q

What makes up pus?

A

Dead neutrophils

81
Q

Localized collection of pus within tissue is called

A

An abcess

82
Q

The inflammatory response

Endothelial cells produce _____ which attach to the neutrophils holding them in place in the blood vessel

A

Selectin

83
Q

The inflammatory response

Collection of neutrophils on the blood vessel wall is called

A

Maringation

84
Q

The inflammatory response

Mast cells degranulate and release

A

Histamine

85
Q

The inflammatory response

Histamine causes vaso_____

A

Dilation

86
Q

The inflammatory response

Neutrophils going through the endothelial wall is called

A

Diapedesis

87
Q

Bloodstream infection can lead to_____ an uncontrolled and often deadly systematic inflammation response

A

Sepsis

88
Q

-itis means

A

Inflammation

89
Q

Type of cell death that elicits an inflammatory response (2)

A

Pyroptosis & necroptosis

90
Q

What is a fever temperature

A

37.8

91
Q

Fever inducing substances

A

Pyrogens

92
Q

Fever results when macrophages release ________

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

93
Q

1st line of defense prevents entry into the body, ______ detect the invasion, and _____ destroy and remove the invaders

A

Sensor systems
Effector mechanisms

94
Q

Neutrophils, eosinophils, Basophils, and mast cells are called…

A

Granulocytes

95
Q

Many Patten Recognition Receptors detect _______ and some detect ______

A

Microbe associated molecular patterns

Damage associated molecular patterns

96
Q

Membrane anchored _____ detect certain carbohydrates found on some microbial cells

A

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

97
Q

What do Toll like receptors recognize

A

Microbial nucleic acid

98
Q

Rig like receptors detect _____ in a cells cytoplasm

A

Viral RNA

99
Q

NOD-like receptors detect

A

Microbial components or signs of a damage in a cells cytoplasm

100
Q

Certain NOD-LIKE receptors in macrophages and dendritic cells allow formation of _______, a protein complex that activates a potent Pro-inflammatory cytokines,thereby, initiating inflammatory response

A

Inflammasome

101
Q

Virally infected cells respond by making _____, which cause nearby cells to undergo apoptosis if they are infected

A

Interferons

102
Q

The ______ detects microbial cells and antibodies bound to antigens, and is activated in response

A

Complement system

103
Q

_____ are macrophages stimulated by cytokines to enlarge and become metabolically active, they can now kill better

A

Activated macrophages

104
Q

Macrophages, giant cells, and T cells form _____ that wall off and retain material that cannot be destroyed

A

Granulomas

105
Q

_____ are important Sentinel cells

A

Macrophages

106
Q

Acute inflammation is characterized by abundance of _____

A

Neutrophils

107
Q

____ inflammation is characterized by macrophages, giant cells, and formation of granuloma

A

Chronic

108
Q

Function of lysozyme against bacteria

A

Hydrolyze peptidoglycan

109
Q

Which one can “eat” more than once
Macrophages or Neutrophils

A

Macrophages

110
Q

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells are this type

A

Granulocytes

111
Q

lymphocytes and monocytes are this type of cell

A

Agranulocytes

112
Q

Types of lymphocytes

A

B & T

113
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

General term for WBC

114
Q

What makes the epidermidis water repellent

A

Keratin

115
Q

Lysozyme in body fluids is more effective against (gram-negative or gram-positive)

A

Gram-positive

116
Q

Catalase Positive organisms are (resistant / sensitive) to peroxide enzymes.

A

Resistant

117
Q

Definsins found in mucous membranes do what do bacteria

A

Put holes in the membrane

118
Q

Least common non specific leukocytes in the blood

A

Basophils

119
Q

Both macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells are this type of cell

A

Antigen presenting

120
Q

Surface receptors on cell membranes produce Signal Molecules aka

A

Ligands

121
Q

Chemical communications between cells

A

Cytokines

122
Q

This type of cytokines produce chemotaxis causing the migration of leukocytes

A

Chemokines

123
Q

Colony stimulating factors are a type of cytokine that has a 2 fold purpose

A

Stimulates cell division
Differentiation (maturation)

124
Q

Interferons are a type of cytokine that stop viral infection via

A

Shutting down other cells ability to Divide

125
Q

Toll-like receptors are found on

A

Cell membrane
Macrophages, Monocytes, & Dendritic

126
Q

Complement system consists of blood proteins located in

A

Plasma

127
Q

What do complement proteins bind to and destroy

A

Antigen/antibodies complex
Destroys antigens

128
Q

Phagocytes bind _____ to opsonized molecules coated by complement

A

Indirectly

129
Q

Where are lysozymes found in neutrophils?

A

In the “granules”

130
Q

Macrophages can be activated by T helper cells.

What is the purpose of this

A

To keep killing longer

131
Q

Granuloma can Wall off and isolate infected area

This is called

A

An abcess

132
Q

Which are Granulocytes/ Agranulocytes

Neutrophils/ Macrophages
Which are longer living

A

Neutrophils Granulocytes
Macrophages Agranulocytes

Macrophages live longer

133
Q

During inflammation cells involved
1st
2nd
3rd

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils ( which are usually 1st responders)
Monocytes

134
Q

Septic shock comes from (endo or exotoxin)

A

Endotoxin from gram-negative

135
Q

Inflammatory response causes (higher/ lower) blood pressure

A

Lower; Shock

136
Q

Infected cells recognize Double Stranded RNA as a result they release _____ to nearby cells to shut down protein production

A

Interferons

137
Q

What is the thermostat for body temperature

A

Hypothalamus

138
Q

Pyrogenes are released into the blood from…

A

Macrophages

139
Q

A fever in addition to slowing down pathogen reproduction also speed up this process in our bodies

A

Enzyme activities & movement of WBC and Macrophages movement

140
Q

Monocytes turn into

A

Macrophages/ dendritic cells

141
Q

Rig like receptors are located in…

Function

A

Cytosol
Recognize vital RNA

Pathogenic Microbiology (31 decks)

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