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Pathogenic Microbiology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are taxa

A

Related groups

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2
Q

A collection of similar kingdoms

A

Domain

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3
Q

3 domains

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

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4
Q

A collection of related species

A

Genus

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5
Q

The system of assigning names to organisms

A

Nomenclature

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6
Q

Evolutionary relatedness of organisms

A

Phylogeny

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7
Q

A group of closely related strains, the basic unit of taxonomy

A

Species

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8
Q

A pure culture isolate,, subgroup within species

A

Strain

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9
Q

Identification

Classification

Nomenclature

Are 3 interrelated areas of…

A

Taxonomy

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10
Q

Name a problem with trying to classify species of prokaryotoes

A

They do need breed like eukaryotes which is the primary way of defining an eukaryotic species

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11
Q

The domains are based on comparison of nucleotide sequences of (type of molecule)….

A

rRNA

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12
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane: Hydrocarbon linked to glycerol by ether linkage

Cytoplasmic membrane: fatty acid linked to glycerol by ether linkage

A

Archea: Hydrocarbon

Bacteria & Eukaryotic: Fatty acids

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13
Q

Do archaea or bacteria have introns?

A

Archaea sometimes do

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14
Q

2 types of biochemical test and what they are looking for

A
  1. An assay for enzyme catalase. Drop of hydrogen peroxide is added to sample. If it bubbles then there is catalyse
  2. Fermenting sugars. Add specimen to a broth with a ph indicator liquid. If it ferments the sugar acid will be produced changing the color
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15
Q

A series of alternative choices that lead to the ID of an organism or object

A

Dichotomous key

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16
Q

_____ testing uses antibodies to detect specific proteins and polysaccharides

A

Serological testing

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17
Q

MALDI-TOF MS is used to

A

Identify microorganisms protein profile

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18
Q

Protiens and polysaccharides are sometimes unique enough to be considered identifying markers

T or F

A

T

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19
Q

These characteristics nucleotide sequences in certain rRNA genes, or their products, that can be used to classify or ID certain organisms

A

Signature sequence

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20
Q

_____ prokarytoic molecule is the most useful in taxonomy because of its moderate size

What is the Eukaryotic equivalent

A

S16 & S 18

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21
Q

Whole gene sequencing is a feasible method for ID a given isolate. An advantage is that it can predict _____

WGS is also used to study disease outbreaks

A

Antibiotic resistance

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22
Q

Morphology
Cultue characteristics
Metabolic capabilities
Serological testing
Protein profile

Are all this type of characteristics

A

Phenotype

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23
Q

Detecting specific nucleotide sequences
Sequencing rRNA
Whole genome sequencing

Are all this type of characteristics

A

Genotype

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24
Q

Microorganism can be iD by using NAAT (PCR) and a probe to detect….

A

Nucleotide sequence

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25
Q

An advantage of using rRNA genes sequence to ID organisms

A

They don’t need to be grown in a culture

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26
Q

When using a probe to detect an organsim, why is it necessary to have some idea of the organisms identity

A

A probe will only stick to a complementary nucleotide unit

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27
Q

Why is 16S RNA referred to as SSU RNA

A

It is the smallest subunit of the ribosome

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28
Q

A group of strains that have a characteristics biochemical pattern different from other strains are called

A

Biovar / biotype

29
Q

A group of strains that have a characteristics antigen structure that differs from other strains are called

A

Serovar / Serotype

30
Q

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern, used to distinguish between different bacterial strains

A

Antibiogram

31
Q

Biochemical tests are most commonly used to ID bacteria, but in some cases they can distinguish between different strains.

A group of strains that have a characteristics Biochemical pattern is called _____

A

Biovar / biotype

32
Q

Proteins and carbohydrates that vary among strains can be used to differentiate strains. A group of strains that have a characteristics serological type is called ….

A

Serovar / serotype

33
Q

Surveillance networks now use _____ to track outbreaks

A

Whole genome sequencing

34
Q

Evolutionary relatedness

A

Phylogeny

35
Q

A diagram that depicts the evolutionary heritage of organisms

A

Phylogenetic tree

36
Q

What genes encode for rRNA

A

rDNA

37
Q

rRNA is better at determining the phylogeny of (closely or distantly) related species

A

Distantly

38
Q

In the whole genome sequence to assess the relatedness of two isolate shared genes are compared and a measure called _____ is then calculated

A

Average nucleotide identity

39
Q

Differences in DNA sequences can be used to determine the point in time which two organisms diverged from a common ancestor.

What type of characteristics are they looking for?

A

Genotypic characteristics

40
Q

The extent of nucleotide sequence similarly between two isolates can be determined by measuring how completely single strands of their DNA hybridize to one another

A

DNA-DNA hybridization

41
Q

This type of classification of microorganisms involves

The nucleotide sequence of shared genes can be compared and the average nucleotide identity then calculated

A

Sequence analysis of genomes

42
Q

The ______ can be measured by determining the temperature at which double-stranded DNA melts

A

G + C content

43
Q

The “O157:H7” of E. coli O157:H7 refers to what

Biotype
Serotype
Phage type
Antibiogram

A

Serotype

44
Q

Which is the newest taxonomic unit

A

Domain

45
Q

Microscopic examination
Culture characteristics
Biochemical test
Nucleic Acid analysis
Symptoms of illness

Are used to _____ Prokaryotes

A

Identify

46
Q

Phylogeny is used to _____ prokaryotes

A

Classify

47
Q

E. Coli

Domain:
Phylum
Class
Family
Genus
Species
Strain

A

Domain Bacteria
Phylum Protobacteria
Class Gamma Protobacteria
Family Enterobacteria
Genus Escherichia
Species Coli
Strain 0157

48
Q

Phenotypic characteristics

Staining properties (3)

A

Gram
Acidfast
Capsule

49
Q

Phenotypic characteristics

Sugars utilized
End products produced
Size and color of colonies
Differential media & selective responses

Are of this type of differences

A

Metabolic difference

50
Q

Bile salt select against certain bacteria

Is this specific type of differential and selective medium

A

MacConkey agar

51
Q

What does McConky agar use to select for?

A

Lactose sugar & PH indicator

52
Q

Identify Protein and Polysaccharide structure of an organism

A

Serology

53
Q

Fatty acid analysis (FAME) uses…
To accomplish what?

A

Gas Chromatography
ID species

54
Q

Catalase test is positive if _____ are seen after H²O² is added

A

O² bubbles

55
Q

Serological test use _____ to detect specific molecules

A

Antibodies

56
Q

Two test that can be done in conjunction to ID specific nucleotide sequences

A

Nucleic acid probes

Nucleic acid amplificación test

57
Q

FISH probe for 16S rRNA to locate nucleotide sequence

Does it require an amplification step

A

No

58
Q

What is the most useful ribosome size for sequencing nucleic acids

A

16S rRNA

59
Q

Proteins and carbohydrates that vary among strains can be used to differentiate strains.

Is this type of typing

A

Serological

60
Q

Gel electrophoresis can be used to detect restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Whole-genome sequencing is increasingly being used to detect differences

In this type of testing

A

Molecular typing

61
Q

Antibiotic susceptibility patterns can be used to characterize strains in this procedure

A

Antibiograms

62
Q

Molecular typing uses DNA sequences to distinguish _______

DNA cut with restriction enzymes.

Seperate via _________ ( this machine/ technique)

Patterns called _________

A

Strain length

Gel electrophoresis

Restriction fragment length polymorphism

63
Q

______ makes it easier to use RFLP data to track food borne disease outbreaks

(System established by CDC)

A

PulseNet

64
Q

Classification historically based on…

A

Phenotypes

65
Q

DNA sequencing allows construction of …

A

Phylogenetic tree

66
Q

Sequence analysis of _____ may not resolve at species level because closely related prokaryotes can have identical SSU

_____ is a better tool in these cases

A

rRNA

DNA Hybridization

67
Q

The _____ is the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell.

A

Genome

68
Q

_______ consists of a base (one of four chemicals: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) plus a molecule of sugar and one of phosphoric acid.

A

Nucleotide

Pathogenic Microbiology (31 decks)

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