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Pathogenic Microbiology > Chapter 8: Bacterial Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Bacterial Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microorganism that requires an organic growth factor

A

Auxotroph

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2
Q

Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in which “naked” DNA is taken up by the recipient cell

A

Bacterial Transformation

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3
Q

Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in which the donor cell physically contacts the recipient cell

A

Conjugation

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4
Q

Sequence of nucleotides in an organisms DNA

A

Genotype

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5
Q

Transfer of DNA from one organism to another by a process other than reproduction

A

Horizontal gene transfer

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6
Q

A change in the nucleotide sequence of a cell’s DNA that is passed on to daughter cells

A

Mutation

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7
Q

DNA molecule that replicates independent of the chromosome.

A

Plasmid

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8
Q

A microorganism that does not require any organic growth factors

A

Prototroph

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9
Q

Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in which bacterial DNA is transferred inside a phage coat

A

Transduction

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10
Q

Segment of DNA that can move from one site to another in a cells genome

A

Transposon

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11
Q

Transfer of DNA from parent to offspring

A

Vertical gene transfer

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12
Q

Mutation changes existing nucleotide sequence, which is then passed to the offspring through _____

A

Vertical gene transfer

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13
Q

Bacteria are haploid or diploid

A

Haploid

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14
Q

Are spontaneous mutations passed on to offspring?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Mutation that corrects a defect caused by an earlier mutation

A

Reversion

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16
Q

A _____ is the most common type of mutation.

A

Base substitution

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17
Q

Mutation in which the wrong nucleotide has been incorporated

A

Base substitution

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18
Q

In a mutation if 1 base pait has been changed its called ______

Exp. AAC
TGG

A

Point mutation

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19
Q

Point mutation a type of base substitution happens during …

A

DNA synthesis

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20
Q

Base substitution mutation can lead to 3 different outcomes.

A

Synonymous (Still codes for correct amino acids) because the code is degenerative

Missense (Codes for the wrong protein)

Nonsense (Encodes a stop codon)

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21
Q

Base substitution are more common in aerobic or Anaerobic environments?

Why?

A

Aerobic

Reactive oxygen species, superoxide/ H²O², can oxidize the nucleobase of guanine causing it to be matched with adinine instead of cytosine

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22
Q

Mutation resulting from addition or subtraction of nucleotides not divisible by 3

A

Frameshift mutation

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23
Q

Segment of DNA that can move from one site to another in a cells genome

A

Transposon

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24
Q

Insertional inactivation occurs when…

A

A transposon “jumps” to a new spot in the genome

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25
Q

_____ are genetic changes that occur due to an influence outside of the cell, chemicals or radiation

A

Induced mutation

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26
Q

Compound that structurally resembles a nucleobase closely enough to be incorporated into a nucleotide in place of the natural nucleobase

A

Base analog

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27
Q

Base analogos lead to this type of mutation

A

Point mutations

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28
Q

Agents that insert between base pairs in a DNA double helix

A

Intercalating agents

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29
Q

Intercalating agents cause this type of mutation

A

Frameshift

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30
Q

UV light causes mutations how?

A

Errors during the repair process of covalent bonded thiamine

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31
Q

X-rays cause mutations how?

A

Single or double strand breaks, leading to deletions

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32
Q

Can insertional inactivation caused by transposons be repaired?

A

No

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33
Q

2 methods of repair in Nucleotide Incorporation and how they differ

A

Proof reading by DNA polymerase

Mismatch pairs by a protein after DNA polymerase

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34
Q

What role does methylation play in mismatch repair

A

It allows the protein to know which is the “new strand” and which is the template strand

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35
Q

A mechanism cells use to remove damaged nucleobases in DNA and then repair the region of damge

A

Base excision repair

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36
Q

What is a thymine dimer?

A

2 thymines covalently bonded together

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37
Q

3 mechanism organisms have to prevent UV damage

A

Photoreactivation: uses an enzyme that breaks the covlanet bond with visible light

Nucleotide excision repair: a specific enzyme recognizes the damage and removes it. Using DNA polymerase and ligase to repair it.

SOS repair

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38
Q

In spontaneous mutation Error in nucleotide incorporation can be fixed by these 2 processes

A

Proofreading by DNA polymerase

Mismatch pair

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39
Q

In spontaneous mutation Damage nucleobase in DNA can be fixed by?

A

Base excision repair

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40
Q

Glycosylase removes the damaged nucleobase. A short stretch of that strand is then degraded, and a DNA polymerase synthesizes a replacement

A

Base excision repair

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41
Q

In mutagen-induced Mutation a Chemical can lead to an error in NUCLEOTIDE INCORPORATION. How can this be fixed

A

Proofreading and mismatch repair

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42
Q

In mutagen-induced Mutation UV light can cause a thymine dimer.
How can this be fixed

3 methods

A
  1. Photoreactivation
  2. Nucleotide excision
  3. SOS repair
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43
Q

Mutations that grow under which the parent cell cannot are easy to isolate by…

A

Direct selection

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44
Q

Technique of selecting mutants by plating on a medium which favors the mutant but not the parent

A

Direct selection

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45
Q

Technique used for isolating and IDing organisms unable to grow on a medium which the parents do, often involves Replica Plating

A

Indirect selection

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46
Q

Isolates auxotrophic mutant from protrophic parent strand

A

Indirect selection

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47
Q

Using 2 plates with varying nutrient content to distinguish between auxotroph and protorphs

A

Replica plating

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48
Q

Method for increasing the proportion of auxotrophic mutants in a population by using penicillin to kill growing prototrophic cells

A

Penicillin enrichment

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49
Q

A test for carcinogens by measuring the ability of a substance to increase the mutation frequency in a bacterial strain

A

Ames test

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50
Q

Why are liver cells added to the Ames test?

A

The liver enzymes may convert chemicals not normally a carcogen into a carcogen

51
Q

A cell that carries a DNA molecule derived from 2 different DNA molecules

A

Recombinant

52
Q

Genes can be transferred from a donor to a recipient by three different mechanics

A

Bacterial transformation (naked DNA is taken up from the environment by a bacterial cell

Transduction: DNA is transferred from one bacterial cell to another by a phage

Conjugation DNA is transferred during cell-to-cell contact

53
Q

What is a phage

A

A virus that infects a bacteria

54
Q

A piece of DNA that contains an origin of replication and can potentially be replicated by a cell

A

Replicon

55
Q

Process by which a cell replicates a stretch of DNA with a segment that has a similar nucleotide sequence

A

Homologous recombination

56
Q

In horizontal gene transfer, a physiological condition in which bacterial cell is capable of taking up DNA

A

Competent

57
Q

In bacterial transformation

Once a strand of DNA is inside the competent cell the strand of the donor DNA integrates into the recipients genome by _____the strand it will replace becomes degraded

A

Homologous recombination

58
Q

Phages can transfer bacterial genes from a donor to a recipient via…

A

Transduction

59
Q

In _____ a segment of DNA is carried from one bacterial cell to another via a phage releases its DNA which Breakdown the DNA, it reforms making more phages But some phages form with bacterial DNA instead and inject this DNA into other cells where it can become integrated

A

Generalized transduction

60
Q

Bacterial phage progeny that contain part of a bacterial genome instead of phage DNA due to an error in packaging

A

Transducing particle

61
Q

What is transferred during conjunction

A

Plasmids

62
Q

Give examples of replicons

What isn’t a replicon

A

Plasmids, chromesomes, transposons (contain an origin point)

DNA fragment with out origin point

63
Q

Type of Plasmids that carry genes for sex pills and can transfer copies of itself to other bacteria during conjunction

A

Conjugative plasmids

64
Q

What is required for conjunction

A

Plasmid called the F factor

65
Q

What connects the f+(donor) cell to the f-(recipient) in conjunction

Then it retracts and _____ forms allowing the plasmid transfer

A

Pillus

Conjugation bridge

66
Q

These cells have the F plasmid in their chromesome allowing the chromesome to be transfered during conjunction

A

Hfr cells

67
Q

An altered F plasmid that contains chromosomal fragments

Results from an incorrect excision of an F plasmid that was integrated into the chromosomes

A

F’ (F prime)

68
Q

The total sum of genes encoded by the various strains of a given species

A

Pan-genome

69
Q

DNA sequence found in all strains of a particular species

A

Core genome

70
Q

This genome is present in more than 1 but not all stains of a species

A

Accessory genome

71
Q

These genes are only found in 1 stain of a species

A

Unique genes

72
Q

______ are significant contributors to genome variations, which move from one DNA molecule to another

A

Mobile Genetic Elements

73
Q

Mobile Genetic Elements include: 4

A

Plasmids, transposons, genomic islands, phage DNA

74
Q

Plasmids that encode resistance to one or more antimicrobial medications or heavy metals

A

R plasmids

75
Q

Transposons intergrate into their new location by _________, a process that does not need similar nucleotide sequence

A

Non-homologous recombination

76
Q

If a transposon inserts itself into a _______, it can be transferred into other cells

A

Conjugtive plasmid

77
Q

Large segment of DNA acquired from another species through horizontal gene transfer.

A

Genomic Island

78
Q

Stretches of DNA in a bacteria that code for virulence factors and appear to have come from other bacteria

A

Pathogenicity Islands

79
Q

Latent form of temperate phage, the phage DNA has generally been inserted into the host’s chromosome

A

Prophage

80
Q

Replicon that is independent of the chromesome and generally encodes only non-essential genetic information

A

Plasmid

81
Q

Segment of DNA that directs its own movement to another location in chromosomal or plasmid DNA

A

Transposon

82
Q

Large genomic segment in a cells genome that originally came from another species

A

Genomic Island

83
Q

The genome of bacteria can change either through _____ or _______

A

Mutation / horizontal gene transfer

84
Q

The gene into which the transposon jumps is __________

A

Insertionally activitied

85
Q

Some chemicals modify nucleobases, altering their _________

A

Hydrogen binding properties

86
Q

Intercalating agents result in this type of mutation

A

Frameshift

87
Q

Base exclusion repair uses specific DNA _______ to remove damaged nucleobases in DNA

A

Glycosylases

88
Q

For newly acquired DNA to replicate in a cell, it must be a ______ or integrate into the cell’s _____

A

Replicon / genome

89
Q

F+ cells synthesize _____, encoded on an ______

A

F pilus / F plasmid

90
Q

______ cells have the F plasmid integrated into the chromesome

A

Hfr cells

91
Q

_______ allow bacterial cells to quickly distinguish and destroy invading DNA

A

Restriction-modification systems

92
Q

_______ allow bacterial cells to destroy invading DNA that has been encountered previously

A

CRISPR systems

93
Q

Mobile Genetic Elements include

A

plasmids, prophages, pathogenicity islands, restriction and modification systems, transposons

94
Q

3 mechanics that bacteria use to adapt to changes in the environment

Which one doesn’t involve changes to the DNA originally had

A

Mutation

Gene transfer

Natural Selection ( No original DNA changr)

95
Q

A Leaky mutation protein will have this level of functioning

A

Maybe Partial

96
Q

The most serious type of point mutation according to the professor

A

Knockout

97
Q

Transposon can cause Knockout mutations

T or F

A

T

98
Q

Which drug in AIDS medication uses base analogues to cause the wrong base pair to form in new DNA

A

AZT

99
Q

To repair base errors this enzyme Excises the wrong nucleotide in mismatch repair

A

Endonuclease

100
Q

This type of repair for thymine dimers makes many mistakes

A

SOS repair

101
Q

DNA mediated transformation occurs when a cell takes up naked DNA and usually occurs at the end of this phase

A

LOG growth

102
Q

In bacterial transformation how many of the daughter cells contain the new DNA? 1 OR Both

A

1 because only a single strand of DNA is transferred

103
Q

In artificial competence what is used to form a electroporation “pores forming in the cell wall to allow naked DNA to enter”

A

Electrical charge

104
Q

In transduction an enzyme called Deoxyribonuclease does what

A

Cuts the bacterial chromesomes into peices

105
Q

If plasmid is excised from main chromesome this cell is now called

A

F’

106
Q

Plasmids are found in

A

Bacteria & Archea

Eukaryotes: Algea, Fungi, Protozoa

107
Q

Are plasmids single or double stranded DNA

A

Double

108
Q

Bacteria can conjugate with plants cells forming

A

GMOs

109
Q

Virulence factors can be transferred by

A

Transduction, bacterial transformation, conjuction

110
Q

Transposons occur in which cell types

A

Prokaryotic & eukaryotes

111
Q

Generally Gene transfer occurs between organisms of the same species

Which 2 elements destroy foreign DNA

A

Restriction modification systems & deoxyribonuclease

112
Q

Which type of cells have Restriction Enzymes

A

Prokaryotic

113
Q

What is a Recognition Sequence?

A

Point in Prokaryotic cells where Restriction enzymes cleave Foreign DNA

114
Q

Adding DNase to a mixture of donor and recipient cells will prevent gene transfer via

A

Bacterial transformation

115
Q

The donor cell typically survives which DNA-transfer process?

A

Conjugation

116
Q

Bacteria have 2 general mechanisms to adjust to new circumstances

A

Regulation of gene expression (existing genes turned “on” & “off”)

Genetic change: Existing Genetic make-up can change

117
Q

Spontaneous mutation

Modified nucleobase in DNA

Action to repair

A

Action of glycosylase

118
Q

Mutations that result from an Error in nucleotide incorporation are fixed by these 2 methods

A

Proofreading by DNA polymerase

Mismatched repair

119
Q

Photoreactivation (light repair) is found only in

A

Bacteria

120
Q

_____ isolates Auxotroph mutant from protrophic parent strand

A

Indirect selection

121
Q

Bacterial defense against invading DNA

______ degrade foreign DNA

A

Restriction-modification systems

122
Q

Crispr system

1st invasion Cas protien cuts DNA into fragments

Fragments inserted into CRISPR array; integrated DNA fragment is called ______

Subsequent invasion: transcription of CRISPR array generates _______ that direct DNA-cutting enzymes to invading DNA

A

Spacer

crRNA

123
Q

Base excision repair uses this enzyme

Nucleotide excision repair uses this enzyme

A

Glycosylase

Endonuclease

124
Q

________ are composed of three subunit molecules: a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group consisting of one to three phosphates.

A

Nucleotides

Pathogenic Microbiology (31 decks)

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