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Pathogenic Microbiology > Chapter 15: Adaptive Immune > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Adaptive Immune Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells such as dendritic, B cells, and macrophages that can present exogenous antigens toT cells

A

Antigen-presenting cells

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2
Q

Type of lymphocytes programmed to make an antibody

A

B cell

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3
Q

Immunity involving a T-cell response

A

Cell-Mediated immunity

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4
Q

Process in which a lymphocytes antigen receptor binds to an antigen, allowing the lymphocyte to multiply

A

Clonal selection

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5
Q

Type of lymphocytes programmed to destroy infected or cancerous cells

A

Cytotoxic T cell

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6
Q

Cell type responsible for activating naive T cells

A

Dendritic cells

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7
Q

Differentiated descendant of an activated lymphocyte; its actions help eliminate antigen

A

Effector lymphocyte

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8
Q

Type of lymphocytes programmed to activate B cells and macrophages and assist other parts of the adaptive immune response.

A

Helper T cell

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9
Q

Immunity involving B cells and an antibody response

A

Humoral immunity

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10
Q

Host cell proteins that presents antigens to T cells

A

Major histocompatibilty Complex (MHC) Molecule

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11
Q

Long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes that can quickly respond if a specific antigen is encountered again

A

Memory lymphocytes

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12
Q

Effector form of a B cell; it functions as an antibody secreting factory

A

Plasma cell

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13
Q

Effector form of a cytotoxic T cell; it induces apoptosis in infected or cancerous cells

A

Tc Cell

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14
Q

Effector form if helper T cell; it activates B cells and macrophages and releases cytokines that stimulate other cells of the immune system

A

Th

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15
Q

Immunes system ability to respond more quickly and effectively upon re-exposure to a given antigen

A

Immunological memory

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16
Q

Decreased Reactivity of the immune system to a specific antigen

A

Immune tolerance

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17
Q

_____ immunity dealers with invaders within “self” cells

A

Cell-mediated

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18
Q

_____ eliminates microbial invaders and toxins that are not with in “self” cells

A

Humoral immunity

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19
Q

B & T cells both have a molecule on their membrane that allows them to recognize a specific antigen. These are called

The difference is the ____ can only bind antigens presented by another cell

But the _____ can bind free antigens

A

B & T cell receptor respectively

T / B

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20
Q

2nd branch of immune tolerance.
Main purpose is to ensure that self reactive T & B cells which escaped central tolerance do not cause autoimmune disease

A

Peripheral tolerance

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21
Q

The 1st process of eliminating autoreactive T or B cells

A

Central tolerance

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22
Q

Immune response cannot begin until a lymphocyte is ____

A

Activated

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23
Q

These T cell Instead of regulating an immune response, help prevent one, by stopping the immune system from overreacting and attacking Self cells

A

Regulatory T cells

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24
Q

What activates a B cell?

A

Th cell (activated Helper T cell)

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25
Q

Which cells make antibodies

A

Plasma (Activated B cells)

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26
Q

Do antibodies kill pathogens?

A

No, they bind to it inactiving it
&
Mark it for destruction

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27
Q

Portion of the antibody that binds to an antigen

A

Fab
Fragment antigen-binding Region

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28
Q

Stem portion of an antibody molecule

A

Fc region

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29
Q

This term is used to describe an antigens ability to elicit an immune response.

A

Immunogenic

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30
Q

Region of antigen recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors on lymphocytes

A

Epitope

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31
Q

Most antigens are T-dependent meaning

Some active the B cell themselves called

A

B cell that recognizes them needs a Th cell help

T- independiente

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32
Q

Collection of organs and tissues that bring the B and T cells into contact with antigens

A

Lymphatic system

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33
Q

_____ are primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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34
Q

____ include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

A

2ndary lymphoid organs

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35
Q

Theory that explains the process in which lymphocytes antigen receptor binds to an antigen, allowing the lymphocyte to multiply

A

Clonal selection

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36
Q

Plasma cells are effector ____ cells
Tc cells are effector ____ cells
Th cells are effector _____ cells

A

B
Cytotoxic T
Helper T

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37
Q

Molecule on a T cell that helps it recognize a specific antigen

A

T-cell receptor TCR

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38
Q

Conventionally do TCR interact with a free antigen?

A

No, they must be presented

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39
Q

Host protein surface protein that presents antigen to T cells

A

Major histocompatibilty complex

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40
Q

Molecules that present antigens to cytotoxic T cells

A

MHC class 1 molecules

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41
Q

Molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells that present antigen to helper T cells

A

MHC class II molecules

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42
Q

Cell surface markers that allow scientists to distinguish subsets of T cells and other white blood cells

A

Cluster of differentiation (CD) markers

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43
Q

____ activate T cells

A

Dendritic

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44
Q

Dendritic cells can present which type of MHC molecules

A

I & II

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45
Q

Surface protiens of antigen presenting cells that signify an invading microbe or tissue damage to activate naive T cells

This is the 2nd part of activation of naive T cells

A

Co-stimulatory molecules

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46
Q

Tc cells (Activated Cytotoxic T-cell) check _____ of Self cells to see if they have been compromised

A

MHC class I

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47
Q

Activated Cytotoxic T cell releases to destroy cells with compromised MHC I molecules

A

Granzymes & Perorins

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48
Q

Th cells (Activated Helper T cells) orchestrate the immune response by activating _____ & _____ and producing cytokines.

The Th cell recognizes antigens presented on MHC __

A

B cells & macrophages

II

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49
Q

What is the difference between MHC I & II

A

Class I are self cells
Class II are from outside cells

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50
Q

All nucleated cells present endogenous antigens on MHC class I molecules

These cells recognize it

A

Tc cells (Activated Cytotoxic T)

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51
Q

B cells and macrophages present exogenous antigens on MHC class II molecules

_____ cells recognize these antigens

A

Th cells ( Activated Helper T cells)

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52
Q

Which cells help activate a macrophage to produce more lysozymes

A

Th cell (Activated Helper T cell)

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53
Q

B cell receptor binds to an antigen and internalizes it.

Degrades it and presents it on MHC class II

Th cell receptor will do 1 of 2 things

A

Recognize it and deliver Cytokines to the B cell activating it

Not Recognize it and the B cell will become anergic

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54
Q

Antibodies aka

A

Immunogloblins

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55
Q

Evolution of the humoral response to T Dependent Antigens

Primary response

Activated B cells that differentiate into plasma cells produce this antibody….

A

IgM

56
Q

First antibody class made during the primary response
Principle class made in response to T-independent antigens

A

IgM

57
Q

This antibody is the most abundant in blood and tissue fluids
Longest term protection
Transported across the placenta

A

IgG

58
Q

Most abundant class of Antibodies produced, Majority is secreted into muscus, tears, saliva Providing Mucosal Immunity

Component of breast milk

A

IgA

59
Q

This antibody is involved in the development and maturation of the antibody response.

A

IgD

60
Q

This antibody is involved in alergic reactions and binds to the Fc region to mast cells and Basophils.

Allows cells to release granule content

A

IgE

61
Q

_____ formin the center of B cell follicles; during this process, primary follicle cells are pushed to the periphery, where they form a mantle zone

A

Germinal center

62
Q

_____ is natural selection among proliferating B cells. Based on their antigen binding ability

A

Affinity maturation

63
Q

Evolution of the humoral response to T Dependent Antigens

B cells are initially programmed to differentiate into plasma cells that release IgM but they can be induced through loss of DNA to produce other antibodies

B cells in the lymph nodes produce ___

B cells in MALT produce_____

A

IgG
IgA

64
Q

A vaccine composed of a polysaccharide antigen covalently attached to a large protein molecule, thereby converting what would be a T-independent antigen into a T-dependent antigen

A

Conjugate vaccine

65
Q

Evolution of the humoral response to T Dependent Antigens

Primary response includes

A

Affinity maturation

Class switching

66
Q

Lymphocytes development

What is negative and positive selection

A

Negative: eliminates B & T cells that recognizes Self cells

Positive: Permits only T cells that recognizes the MHC molecules to develop

67
Q

____ are innate lymphoid cells lacking antigen-specific receptors that characterizes B and T cells.

They assist the adaptive immune response

A

Natural killer cells

68
Q

As part of ______ , naive lymphocytes generally cannot respond until they receive signals from another cell activating them.

A

Peripheral tolerance

69
Q

_____ are responsible for the effectiveness of the secondary response.

A

Memory lymphocytes

70
Q

Type of lymphocytes programmed to destroy infected and cancerous “self” cells.

A

Cytotoxic T cells

71
Q

_____ results in

Neutralization
Opsonization
Complement activation
Immobilization
Cross linking
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

A

Antibody / Antigen binding

72
Q

What is the difference between Primary & Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Primary (Bone Marrow & Thymus) is where B & T cells mature

Secondary is where they come into contact with antigens

73
Q

____ cells recognize antigen presented in MHC I

While

____ cells recognize antigens presented on MHC II

A

Cytotoxic (CD8)
Helper (CD4)

74
Q

_____ cells sample material in tissues and move to 2ndary lymph organs to present antigens to naive T cells.

When the Antigen Presenting cells detect a molecule associated with danger they produce ______ and are able to activate both T cells subsets

A

Dendritic

Co-stimulatory molecules

75
Q

Most antigens are T-dependent meaning…

A

B cells can recognize them but require help from Th cells

76
Q

B cells recognize Free Antigens, what is a Free Antigen

A

An antigen not presented on MHC

77
Q

B cell activation

B cells present peptides from T Dependent Antigens to ____ cells for inspection

If the Inspector cells recognizes the peptide it delivers cytokines to the B cell, initiating ______ which gives rise to plasma cells

A

Th CD4

Clonal expansion

78
Q

Antibody monomer is composed to 2 identical _____ & ______

A

Heavy and light chains

79
Q

Portion of the Antibody molecule that contains the antigen binding sites

A

Variable region / fab

80
Q

Evolution of the Humoral response to T Dependent Antigens

In the primary response, the expanding B-cell population undergoes ______

A

Affinity maturation

81
Q

Negative selection of Self-reactive B cells.

If a developing B cell binds to material in the bone marrow this process happens

A

Apoptosis

82
Q

Positive & Negative selection of Self-Reactive T cells

Positive selection permits only T cells that ________ to develop further.

Negative selection involves

A

Recognize MHC

Destruction of T cells that recognizes Self cells

83
Q

Antigens that require the help of T cells for B cell activation are thymus-dependent are called ________ antigens. Antigens that can stimulate B cells without the help of T cells are thymus- independent are called ______ antigens

A

T Dependent
T Independent

84
Q

_______ is a process which takes place in B cells to alter the class of antibody produced during an immune response from IgM to one of the other classes.

A

Class switching

85
Q

_______ is a process which takes place in B cells to alter the class of antibody produced during an immune response from IgM to one of the other classes.

A

Class switching

86
Q

Which markers are found on all nucleated cells

A

MHC I

87
Q

Which of the following are antigen presenting cells

Macrophages
Neutrophils
B cells
T cells
Plasma cells

A

Macrophages & B cells

88
Q

The Varibale region of antibodies are located in the ______ region

A

Fab & light & heavy chains

89
Q

A person who is vaccinated against a disease should have which of these types of serum antibodies against that agent 2 years later

A

IgG

90
Q

Which term describes the loss of specific heavy chain genes

A

Class switching

91
Q

Cytotoxic c are called

Helper T cells are called

A

CD 8+

CD 4+

92
Q

Antibodies consist of two structural regions: a variable fragment _____ that mediates antigen binding and a constant fragment _____ that mediates downstream effector functions via its interaction with Fc-receptors on (innate) immune cells

A

Fab
Fc

93
Q

Immunoglobulins are made of glycoproteins

True or False

A

True

94
Q

B cell receptor are ________ immunoglobulins

Antibodies are _______ immunoglobulins

A

Membrane bound

Secreted

95
Q

Light chains are connected to heavy chains via

A

Disulphide Bond

96
Q

_____ is the tail region of the antibody that interacts with cell surface receptors called ______ and some proteins of the complement system. ALLOWS ANTIBODIES TO ACTIVATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

Fc region Fragment Crystallizable

Fc receptors

97
Q

This is the part of the antibody that actually “sticks” to the antigne

A

Complementary Determining Region

98
Q

CD4
CD8

Are naive or Effector cells

A

Naive
CD4 = Helper T
CD8= Cytotoxic T

99
Q

How long to produce an antibody before memory B cells are made

After the creation of memory B cells

A

1 week and reaches most antibodies in about 3 weeks

A couple days

100
Q

What is the Anamnestic response

A

2ndary exposure to an antigen

101
Q

Which lymphocyte produces Memory Cells

A

Both T & B

102
Q

T Helper cells Stimulate T Cytotoxic cells

True or False

A

True

103
Q

Antigens are usually made of… (2)

A

Proteins or Polysaccharides

104
Q

Which is the biggest (size) class of antibodies

A

IgM Pentamer 5 groups (snowflake shaped)

105
Q

Which antibodies are

Monomer
Dimer
Pentamer

A

Mono (Ig, D,E,G)
DI (IgA)
Pent (IgM)

106
Q

The fc region is made of…
Fab region is made of…

A

Fc heavy chains only (same long chains that are located in the fab region)

Fab (heavy chains inside, light chains outside.)

107
Q

Opsonization

This Immunoglobulin type _____ attaches to the antigen to allow phagocytes to locate it.

A

IgG

108
Q

Antigen/ Antibody complex attracts _____ to destroy the complex

A

Complement

109
Q

Which Antibody is in the blood only?

A

IgM

110
Q

IgM is produced when

A

During primary responce

111
Q

This antibody is 80-85% of the circulating antibody in plasma.

Produced during 2ndary responce

1st antibody produced

Longest lasting

Found in colostrum

Can cross placenta

A

IgG

112
Q

This antibody class

Secreted into mucus as a Dimer

Found in secretion of Muscus, Gastrointestinal, Genital, Respitory

In saliva, tears, breastmilk

A

IgA

113
Q

This antibody class is only 1% of blood antibodies

A

IgD

114
Q

This antibody is bound to basophils in the blood

Bound to mast cells in tissue

A

IgE

115
Q

Antigen binds to correct lymphocytes which stimulates it to make clones. This process is called

A

Clonal expansion

116
Q

After clonal expansion of B cells some leave 2ndary lymph organs and travel to the tissue to fight infection.
These type of cells are called

A

Effector B cells Plasma

117
Q

A lymphocytes not programmed to a specific antigen is called

A

Immature

118
Q

A lymphocytes that has specific receptors for an antigen but hasn’t encountered it yet is called

A

Naive

119
Q

A lymphocytes that has encountered an antigen and had it confirmed by Helper T cell is called

A

Activated

120
Q

T Dependent Antigens are made of this macromolecule?

A

Protein

121
Q

T independent antigens are usually made of this macromolecule

A

Carbohydrate & lipid

122
Q

Circulating Antibody: Ig___
Mucous Antibody: Ig___

A

IgG
IgA

123
Q

Some B cells that have undergone Class Switching become Memory Cells

True or False

A

True

124
Q

_____ stimulate cellular immune response, participate in the activation of macrophage activation and stimulate B cells to produce IgM, IgG1.

_____ stimulates humoral immune response, promotes B cell proliferation and induces antibody production IgE

A

Th1

Th2

125
Q

_____ cells recognize antigen presented by Macrophage & activities it

Stimulates Natural Killer Cells

Attracts Macrophages

A

Th1

126
Q

Processed antigen of MHC II is presented by _____

Antigen goes into this cell after attachment on surface and forms_____

A

B cell
Endosome

127
Q

MHC II on B cells recognized by _____

What activates the B cell

A

Th2

Cytokines

128
Q

Which feature on dendritic cell membrane detects foreign antigens

A

Toll like receptors

129
Q

How are natural killer cells produced

A

Lymphoid stem cells

130
Q

Gene rearrangement
Imprecise joining (changing reading frame)
Combinatorial Association (specific groupings of light and heavy chains)

Are all involved in what process

A

Lymphocyte Development

131
Q

Positive & Negative selection of Self Reactive T cells

T cells that can’t recognize MHC are eliminated

T cells that recognizes MHC cells as Foreign are eliminated

In 2ndary lymph organs unmatched T cells are eliminated

True or False

A

True

132
Q

This antibody stays on the B-cell
Acts as a B cell receptor

A

IgM

133
Q

________ is the theory that specific antigen receptors exist on lymphocytes before they are presented with an antigen due to random mutations during initial maturation and proliferation.

After antigen presentation, selected lymphocytes undergo ________ because they have the needed antigen receptor.

A

Clonal selection

Clonal expansion

134
Q

_______ initiate the humoral immune response by activating naive antigen-specific B cells to produce IgM antibodies.

______ cells activate the microbicidal properties of macrophages, and induce B cells to make IgG antibodies that are very effective at opsonizing extracellular pathogens for uptake by phagocytic cells.

A

TH2 cells

TH1 cells

135
Q

the process whereby the immune system generates antibodies of higher likelihood to encounter a specific antigen, in response to encountering an antigen.

A

Affinity maturation

136
Q

cells produce interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-beta, which activate macrophages and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity and phagocyte-dependent protective responses.

$$$$$ correct and easy $$$$

A

Th1

137
Q

____ mediate the activation and maintenance of the humoral, or antibody-mediated, immune response against extracellular parasites, bacteria, allergens, and toxins.

$$$$ correct $$$

A

Th2

Pathogenic Microbiology (31 decks)

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