Chapter 15: Adaptive Immune Flashcards
Cells such as dendritic, B cells, and macrophages that can present exogenous antigens toT cells
Antigen-presenting cells
Type of lymphocytes programmed to make an antibody
B cell
Immunity involving a T-cell response
Cell-Mediated immunity
Process in which a lymphocytes antigen receptor binds to an antigen, allowing the lymphocyte to multiply
Clonal selection
Type of lymphocytes programmed to destroy infected or cancerous cells
Cytotoxic T cell
Cell type responsible for activating naive T cells
Dendritic cells
Differentiated descendant of an activated lymphocyte; its actions help eliminate antigen
Effector lymphocyte
Type of lymphocytes programmed to activate B cells and macrophages and assist other parts of the adaptive immune response.
Helper T cell
Immunity involving B cells and an antibody response
Humoral immunity
Host cell proteins that presents antigens to T cells
Major histocompatibilty Complex (MHC) Molecule
Long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes that can quickly respond if a specific antigen is encountered again
Memory lymphocytes
Effector form of a B cell; it functions as an antibody secreting factory
Plasma cell
Effector form of a cytotoxic T cell; it induces apoptosis in infected or cancerous cells
Tc Cell
Effector form if helper T cell; it activates B cells and macrophages and releases cytokines that stimulate other cells of the immune system
Th
Immunes system ability to respond more quickly and effectively upon re-exposure to a given antigen
Immunological memory
Decreased Reactivity of the immune system to a specific antigen
Immune tolerance
_____ immunity dealers with invaders within “self” cells
Cell-mediated
_____ eliminates microbial invaders and toxins that are not with in “self” cells
Humoral immunity
B & T cells both have a molecule on their membrane that allows them to recognize a specific antigen. These are called
The difference is the ____ can only bind antigens presented by another cell
But the _____ can bind free antigens
B & T cell receptor respectively
T / B
2nd branch of immune tolerance.
Main purpose is to ensure that self reactive T & B cells which escaped central tolerance do not cause autoimmune disease
Peripheral tolerance
The 1st process of eliminating autoreactive T or B cells
Central tolerance
Immune response cannot begin until a lymphocyte is ____
Activated
These T cell Instead of regulating an immune response, help prevent one, by stopping the immune system from overreacting and attacking Self cells
Regulatory T cells
What activates a B cell?
Th cell (activated Helper T cell)
Which cells make antibodies
Plasma (Activated B cells)
Do antibodies kill pathogens?
No, they bind to it inactiving it
&
Mark it for destruction
Portion of the antibody that binds to an antigen
Fab
Fragment antigen-binding Region
Stem portion of an antibody molecule
Fc region
This term is used to describe an antigens ability to elicit an immune response.
Immunogenic
Region of antigen recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors on lymphocytes
Epitope
Most antigens are T-dependent meaning
Some active the B cell themselves called
B cell that recognizes them needs a Th cell help
T- independiente
Collection of organs and tissues that bring the B and T cells into contact with antigens
Lymphatic system
_____ are primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow and thymus
____ include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
2ndary lymphoid organs
Theory that explains the process in which lymphocytes antigen receptor binds to an antigen, allowing the lymphocyte to multiply
Clonal selection
Plasma cells are effector ____ cells
Tc cells are effector ____ cells
Th cells are effector _____ cells
B
Cytotoxic T
Helper T
Molecule on a T cell that helps it recognize a specific antigen
T-cell receptor TCR
Conventionally do TCR interact with a free antigen?
No, they must be presented
Host protein surface protein that presents antigen to T cells
Major histocompatibilty complex
Molecules that present antigens to cytotoxic T cells
MHC class 1 molecules
Molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells that present antigen to helper T cells
MHC class II molecules
Cell surface markers that allow scientists to distinguish subsets of T cells and other white blood cells
Cluster of differentiation (CD) markers
____ activate T cells
Dendritic
Dendritic cells can present which type of MHC molecules
I & II
Surface protiens of antigen presenting cells that signify an invading microbe or tissue damage to activate naive T cells
This is the 2nd part of activation of naive T cells
Co-stimulatory molecules
Tc cells (Activated Cytotoxic T-cell) check _____ of Self cells to see if they have been compromised
MHC class I
Activated Cytotoxic T cell releases to destroy cells with compromised MHC I molecules
Granzymes & Perorins
Th cells (Activated Helper T cells) orchestrate the immune response by activating _____ & _____ and producing cytokines.
The Th cell recognizes antigens presented on MHC __
B cells & macrophages
II
What is the difference between MHC I & II
Class I are self cells
Class II are from outside cells
All nucleated cells present endogenous antigens on MHC class I molecules
These cells recognize it
Tc cells (Activated Cytotoxic T)
B cells and macrophages present exogenous antigens on MHC class II molecules
_____ cells recognize these antigens
Th cells ( Activated Helper T cells)
Which cells help activate a macrophage to produce more lysozymes
Th cell (Activated Helper T cell)
B cell receptor binds to an antigen and internalizes it.
Degrades it and presents it on MHC class II
Th cell receptor will do 1 of 2 things
Recognize it and deliver Cytokines to the B cell activating it
Not Recognize it and the B cell will become anergic
Antibodies aka
Immunogloblins
Evolution of the humoral response to T Dependent Antigens
Primary response
Activated B cells that differentiate into plasma cells produce this antibody….
IgM
First antibody class made during the primary response
Principle class made in response to T-independent antigens
IgM
This antibody is the most abundant in blood and tissue fluids
Longest term protection
Transported across the placenta
IgG
Most abundant class of Antibodies produced, Majority is secreted into muscus, tears, saliva Providing Mucosal Immunity
Component of breast milk
IgA
This antibody is involved in the development and maturation of the antibody response.
IgD
This antibody is involved in alergic reactions and binds to the Fc region to mast cells and Basophils.
Allows cells to release granule content
IgE
_____ formin the center of B cell follicles; during this process, primary follicle cells are pushed to the periphery, where they form a mantle zone
Germinal center
_____ is natural selection among proliferating B cells. Based on their antigen binding ability
Affinity maturation
Evolution of the humoral response to T Dependent Antigens
B cells are initially programmed to differentiate into plasma cells that release IgM but they can be induced through loss of DNA to produce other antibodies
B cells in the lymph nodes produce ___
B cells in MALT produce_____
IgG
IgA
A vaccine composed of a polysaccharide antigen covalently attached to a large protein molecule, thereby converting what would be a T-independent antigen into a T-dependent antigen
Conjugate vaccine
Evolution of the humoral response to T Dependent Antigens
Primary response includes
Affinity maturation
Class switching
Lymphocytes development
What is negative and positive selection
Negative: eliminates B & T cells that recognizes Self cells
Positive: Permits only T cells that recognizes the MHC molecules to develop
____ are innate lymphoid cells lacking antigen-specific receptors that characterizes B and T cells.
They assist the adaptive immune response
Natural killer cells
As part of ______ , naive lymphocytes generally cannot respond until they receive signals from another cell activating them.
Peripheral tolerance
_____ are responsible for the effectiveness of the secondary response.
Memory lymphocytes
Type of lymphocytes programmed to destroy infected and cancerous “self” cells.
Cytotoxic T cells
_____ results in
Neutralization
Opsonization
Complement activation
Immobilization
Cross linking
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Antibody / Antigen binding
What is the difference between Primary & Secondary lymphoid organs
Primary (Bone Marrow & Thymus) is where B & T cells mature
Secondary is where they come into contact with antigens
____ cells recognize antigen presented in MHC I
While
____ cells recognize antigens presented on MHC II
Cytotoxic (CD8)
Helper (CD4)
_____ cells sample material in tissues and move to 2ndary lymph organs to present antigens to naive T cells.
When the Antigen Presenting cells detect a molecule associated with danger they produce ______ and are able to activate both T cells subsets
Dendritic
Co-stimulatory molecules
Most antigens are T-dependent meaning…
B cells can recognize them but require help from Th cells
B cells recognize Free Antigens, what is a Free Antigen
An antigen not presented on MHC
B cell activation
B cells present peptides from T Dependent Antigens to ____ cells for inspection
If the Inspector cells recognizes the peptide it delivers cytokines to the B cell, initiating ______ which gives rise to plasma cells
Th CD4
Clonal expansion
Antibody monomer is composed to 2 identical _____ & ______
Heavy and light chains
Portion of the Antibody molecule that contains the antigen binding sites
Variable region / fab
Evolution of the Humoral response to T Dependent Antigens
In the primary response, the expanding B-cell population undergoes ______
Affinity maturation
Negative selection of Self-reactive B cells.
If a developing B cell binds to material in the bone marrow this process happens
Apoptosis
Positive & Negative selection of Self-Reactive T cells
Positive selection permits only T cells that ________ to develop further.
Negative selection involves
Recognize MHC
Destruction of T cells that recognizes Self cells
Antigens that require the help of T cells for B cell activation are thymus-dependent are called ________ antigens. Antigens that can stimulate B cells without the help of T cells are thymus- independent are called ______ antigens
T Dependent
T Independent
_______ is a process which takes place in B cells to alter the class of antibody produced during an immune response from IgM to one of the other classes.
Class switching
_______ is a process which takes place in B cells to alter the class of antibody produced during an immune response from IgM to one of the other classes.
Class switching
Which markers are found on all nucleated cells
MHC I
Which of the following are antigen presenting cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils
B cells
T cells
Plasma cells
Macrophages & B cells
The Varibale region of antibodies are located in the ______ region
Fab & light & heavy chains
A person who is vaccinated against a disease should have which of these types of serum antibodies against that agent 2 years later
IgG
Which term describes the loss of specific heavy chain genes
Class switching
Cytotoxic c are called
Helper T cells are called
CD 8+
CD 4+
Antibodies consist of two structural regions: a variable fragment _____ that mediates antigen binding and a constant fragment _____ that mediates downstream effector functions via its interaction with Fc-receptors on (innate) immune cells
Fab
Fc
Immunoglobulins are made of glycoproteins
True or False
True
B cell receptor are ________ immunoglobulins
Antibodies are _______ immunoglobulins
Membrane bound
Secreted
Light chains are connected to heavy chains via
Disulphide Bond
_____ is the tail region of the antibody that interacts with cell surface receptors called ______ and some proteins of the complement system. ALLOWS ANTIBODIES TO ACTIVATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Fc region Fragment Crystallizable
Fc receptors
This is the part of the antibody that actually “sticks” to the antigne
Complementary Determining Region
CD4
CD8
Are naive or Effector cells
Naive
CD4 = Helper T
CD8= Cytotoxic T
How long to produce an antibody before memory B cells are made
After the creation of memory B cells
1 week and reaches most antibodies in about 3 weeks
A couple days
What is the Anamnestic response
2ndary exposure to an antigen
Which lymphocyte produces Memory Cells
Both T & B
T Helper cells Stimulate T Cytotoxic cells
True or False
True
Antigens are usually made of… (2)
Proteins or Polysaccharides
Which is the biggest (size) class of antibodies
IgM Pentamer 5 groups (snowflake shaped)
Which antibodies are
Monomer
Dimer
Pentamer
Mono (Ig, D,E,G)
DI (IgA)
Pent (IgM)
The fc region is made of…
Fab region is made of…
Fc heavy chains only (same long chains that are located in the fab region)
Fab (heavy chains inside, light chains outside.)
Opsonization
This Immunoglobulin type _____ attaches to the antigen to allow phagocytes to locate it.
IgG
Antigen/ Antibody complex attracts _____ to destroy the complex
Complement
Which Antibody is in the blood only?
IgM
IgM is produced when
During primary responce
This antibody is 80-85% of the circulating antibody in plasma.
Produced during 2ndary responce
1st antibody produced
Longest lasting
Found in colostrum
Can cross placenta
IgG
This antibody class
Secreted into mucus as a Dimer
Found in secretion of Muscus, Gastrointestinal, Genital, Respitory
In saliva, tears, breastmilk
IgA
This antibody class is only 1% of blood antibodies
IgD
This antibody is bound to basophils in the blood
Bound to mast cells in tissue
IgE
Antigen binds to correct lymphocytes which stimulates it to make clones. This process is called
Clonal expansion
After clonal expansion of B cells some leave 2ndary lymph organs and travel to the tissue to fight infection.
These type of cells are called
Effector B cells Plasma
A lymphocytes not programmed to a specific antigen is called
Immature
A lymphocytes that has specific receptors for an antigen but hasn’t encountered it yet is called
Naive
A lymphocytes that has encountered an antigen and had it confirmed by Helper T cell is called
Activated
T Dependent Antigens are made of this macromolecule?
Protein
T independent antigens are usually made of this macromolecule
Carbohydrate & lipid
Circulating Antibody: Ig___
Mucous Antibody: Ig___
IgG
IgA
Some B cells that have undergone Class Switching become Memory Cells
True or False
True
_____ stimulate cellular immune response, participate in the activation of macrophage activation and stimulate B cells to produce IgM, IgG1.
_____ stimulates humoral immune response, promotes B cell proliferation and induces antibody production IgE
Th1
Th2
_____ cells recognize antigen presented by Macrophage & activities it
Stimulates Natural Killer Cells
Attracts Macrophages
Th1
Processed antigen of MHC II is presented by _____
Antigen goes into this cell after attachment on surface and forms_____
B cell
Endosome
MHC II on B cells recognized by _____
What activates the B cell
Th2
Cytokines
Which feature on dendritic cell membrane detects foreign antigens
Toll like receptors
How are natural killer cells produced
Lymphoid stem cells
Gene rearrangement
Imprecise joining (changing reading frame)
Combinatorial Association (specific groupings of light and heavy chains)
Are all involved in what process
Lymphocyte Development
Positive & Negative selection of Self Reactive T cells
T cells that can’t recognize MHC are eliminated
T cells that recognizes MHC cells as Foreign are eliminated
In 2ndary lymph organs unmatched T cells are eliminated
True or False
True
This antibody stays on the B-cell
Acts as a B cell receptor
IgM
________ is the theory that specific antigen receptors exist on lymphocytes before they are presented with an antigen due to random mutations during initial maturation and proliferation.
After antigen presentation, selected lymphocytes undergo ________ because they have the needed antigen receptor.
Clonal selection
Clonal expansion
_______ initiate the humoral immune response by activating naive antigen-specific B cells to produce IgM antibodies.
______ cells activate the microbicidal properties of macrophages, and induce B cells to make IgG antibodies that are very effective at opsonizing extracellular pathogens for uptake by phagocytic cells.
TH2 cells
TH1 cells
the process whereby the immune system generates antibodies of higher likelihood to encounter a specific antigen, in response to encountering an antigen.
Affinity maturation
cells produce interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-beta, which activate macrophages and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity and phagocyte-dependent protective responses.
$$$$$ correct and easy $$$$
Th1
____ mediate the activation and maintenance of the humoral, or antibody-mediated, immune response against extracellular parasites, bacteria, allergens, and toxins.
$$$$ correct $$$
Th2
