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Pathogenic Microbiology > Chapter 7: From DNA to Protein > Flashcards

Chapter 7: From DNA to Protein Flashcards

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1
Q

A series of 3 nucleotides for a specific amino acid

A

Codon

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2
Q

Enzyme that synthesizes DNA, using an existing strand as a template to make a complementary strand

A

DNA polymerase

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3
Q

Functional unit of the genome; it encodes a product , most often a protein

A

Gene

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4
Q

Complete set of genetic information in a cell or virus

A

Genome

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5
Q

Type of RNA molecule translated during protein synthesis

A

Mrna

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6
Q

Nucleotide sequence to which RNA polymerase binds to start transcription

A

Promoter

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7
Q

Structure that facilitates the joining of amino acids during transcription; composed of ribosomal RNA and protein

A

Ribosome

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8
Q

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA using 1 strand of DNA as a template

A

RNA polymerase

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9
Q

Process by which information encoded in DNA is copied into RNA

A

Transcription

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10
Q

Type of RNA molecule involved in interpretating the genetic code; each_____ molecule carries a specific amino acid

A

tRNA

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11
Q

The process by which the information carried by mRNA is used to synthesize the encoded protein

A

Translation

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12
Q

Functional unit of the genome; it encodes a product, most often a protein

A

Gene

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13
Q

Study and analysis of genome

A

Genomics

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14
Q

Gene expression is these 2 processes

A

Transcription & Translation

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15
Q

2 tasks cells must do to multiply

A

DNA replication

(Gene Expression)
Translation & Transcription

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16
Q

Flow of information from DNA –> RNA is called?

A

The central dogma

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17
Q

DNA has a _____ backbone

A

Sugar-phosphate

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18
Q

2 strand of DNA are ______ but _______and held together by ________ bonds between the nucleobases

A

Complimentary / antiparallel

Hydrogen

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19
Q

Bonding of A-T and G-C is called

A

Base-pairing

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20
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between G-C base pair

Between A-T

A

3 / 2

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21
Q

DNA is oriented in 3’ to 5’ and 5’ to 3’ direction what do these numbers stand for?

A

The carbon molecule

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22
Q

By regulating the synthesis of _______, a cell can quickly change levels of protein production

A

mRNA

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23
Q

Distinct region of DNA at which replication is initiated

A

Origin of replication

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24
Q

In which direction does DNA Replication go? In Prokaryotic cells

A

Bidirectional both ways

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25
Q

In DNA synthesis the site at which the double helix is being unwound to expose the single strands that can function as a template for DNA synthesis

A

Replication fork

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26
Q

Nucleic acid replication that results in each of the two double-stranded molecules containing one of the original strands(template) strand and one newly synthesized

A

Semiconservative replication

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27
Q

The process that starts DNA replication is called…

A

Initiation

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28
Q

Enzyme that helps relieve the tension in DNA caused by unwinding of the 2 strands of the DNA helix during DNA replication

A

DNA gyrase

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29
Q

Enzyme that unwinds the DNA near the replication fork

A

Helicase

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30
Q

Enzyme that synthesizes small fragments of RNA to serve as primers for DNA synthesis during DNA replication

A

Primase

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31
Q

Once replication is initiated, enzymes called _______ synthesize DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction

A

DNA polymerase

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32
Q

A complex of enzymes and other proteins that cells use to replicate DNA

A

Replisome

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33
Q

In DNA replication, the DNA strand that is synthesized as a continus fragment

A

Leading strand

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34
Q

In DNA replication, the strand that is synthesized as a series of fragements

A

Lagging strand

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35
Q

Nucleic acid fragment synthesized as a result of the discontinuous replication of the lagging strand of DNA

A

Okazaki fragments

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36
Q

Enzyme that forms covalent bonds between adjacent fragments of DNA

A

DNA ligase

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37
Q

What keeps the strand seperated after helicase unzips them

A

Single strand binding proteins

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38
Q

Polymerase makes DNA in which direction 5 to 3 or 3 to 5

A

5 to 3

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39
Q

In transcription the enzyme ______ synthesizes single-stranded RNA using ______ as a template.

A

RNA polymerase/ DNA

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40
Q

In transcription a DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase can bind and start transcription is called _____ and the one that stops the process is called ____

A

Promoter / Terminator

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41
Q

Does RNA polymerase need a primer for transcription

A

No

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42
Q

A promoter is ______ of the gene it controls, a terminator is ______ of the promoter

A

Upstream/ Downstream

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43
Q

In translation the “template DNA strand is called _____”

While it’s complement is called

A

Minus strand

Plus strand

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44
Q

The DNA strand used as a template for RNA synthesis

A

Minus strand

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45
Q

The DNA strand complementary to the strand used as a template for RNA synthesis

A

Plus strand

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46
Q

A transcript that carries one gene is called?

One that carries for multiple genes is called

A

Monocistromic

Polycistronic

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47
Q

Transcription is started when _______ binds to _______

A

RNA polymerase/ promoter

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48
Q

Component of RNA polymerase that recognizes and binds to promoter

A

Sigma factor

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49
Q

3 phases of transcription

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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50
Q

Translation requires 3 major structures

A

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

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51
Q

Code that correlates a codon to one amino acid

A

Genetic code

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52
Q

How many different combinations of codons

A

64

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53
Q

_____ strings amino acids together to make a polypeptide

A

Ribosome

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54
Q

AUG is what

A

Start codon

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55
Q

This phase of translation creates a full length peptide

A

Elongation

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56
Q

Where do tRNA and mRNA meet. Which structure?

A

In the ribosomes

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57
Q

What does the e site in a ribosome do

A

Exit where the deacylated tRNA leaves the ribosome

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58
Q

What does the p site do in a ribosome

A

Holds the peptide chain

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59
Q

What does the a site do in a ribosome

A

Accepts the tRNA

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60
Q

Ribosome advancing one codon during Elongation this process is called.

A

Translocation

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61
Q

Protein that helps other protiens fold properly

A

Molecular chaperone

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62
Q

Which have pre-mRNA

A

Eukaryotic cells

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63
Q

In Eukaryotic gene expression adding a series of adenine derivates to the 3’ end of an mRNA transcript is called

A

Polyadenylation

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64
Q

In Eukaryotic gene expression adding methylated guanine derivatives to the 5’ end of mRNA is called

A

Capping

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65
Q

Eukaryotic transcript that has not yet had its introns removed

A

pre-mRNA

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66
Q

Process that removes introns from RNA transcript

A

Splicing

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67
Q

Segment that must be removed from pre-mRNA to create a functional mRNA molecule

A

Intron

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68
Q

Portion of Eukaryotic genes that will be transcribed and translated into proteins.

A

Exons

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69
Q

In Eukaryotic cells where is mRNA made

A

Nucleus

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70
Q

These ribosomes are s70, made up of 30S and 50S subunits

A

Prokaryotic

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71
Q

These ribosomes are 80s made up of subunits 40s and 60s

A

Eukaryotic

72
Q

Process that transmits information from outside the cell inside, allowing that cell to respond to a change in environment

A

Signal transduction

73
Q

Communication between cells allowing them to sense density of nearby cells

A

Quorum sensing

74
Q

Mechanism of gene regulation that uses a sensor and response regulator

A

2-componment regulatory system

75
Q

Two-component regulatory system consists of what?

What is its purpose?

A

Membrane-spanning sensor

Response regulator

When the sensor detects a change it starts the regulatory process of modifying the gene expression

76
Q

There are two forms of natural selection in prokaryotic cells

One where they change their antigen so they are not recognized by the immune system

The other consist of random alteration of expression of bacterial structures such as fimbriae

Name these two mechanics

A
  1. Antigenic variation
  2. Phase variation
77
Q

Group of linked genes whose expression is controlled as a single unit

A

Operon

78
Q

Set of related genes transcribed as a seperate unit but controlled by the same regulatory protein

A

Regulon

79
Q

Separate operons controlled by a single regulatory mechanism constitute a ______

A

Regulon

80
Q

Simultaneous regulation of numerous unrelated genes

A

Global control

81
Q

Enzymes that are synthesized constantly; always active

A

Constitutive

82
Q

Type of enzyme that the synthesis can be turned on when needed.

Lac operon is an example

They are often involved in the transport and breakdown of specific energy sources

A

Inducible

83
Q

Enzyme synthesized only under certain environmental conditions

A

Inducible

84
Q

This enzyme type are produced routinely, but their synthesis can be turned off when they are not required

These are mostly used an anabolic pathways

A

Repressible

85
Q

Enzyme whose synthesis can be turned off by certain conditions

A

Repressible enzyme

86
Q

The methods a cell uses to prevent or facilitate transcription must be readily reversible

The two most common regulatory mechanism are ….

A

Alternative sigma factor and DNA-binding proteins

87
Q

______ is a loose component of RNA polymerase that functions in recognizing specific promoters

A

Sigma factors

88
Q

A sigma factor that recognizes promoters controlling genes needed only in non-routine situations

A

Alternative sigma factors

89
Q

2 type of DNA-Binding proteins and their function

A

Repressor: Blocks transcription

Activator: Facilities transcription

90
Q

A repressor a regulatory protein blocks transcription by…

A

Binding to the operator

91
Q

Where is the operator located

A

Immediately downstream of the promoter.

92
Q

A repressor regulatory protein may have a _____ bind to it, changing its shape and not allowing it to bind to the operator, Allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe gene.

A

Inducer

93
Q

A repressor can play a role in 2 types of transcriptional regulatory system

A

Induction: Allowing transcription

Repression: Blocking transcription

94
Q

A molecule that binds to an inactive repressor, thereby allowing it to function as a repressor.

A

Corepressor

95
Q

Nucleotide sequence that precedes an ineffective promoter and to which an activator binds to facilitate transcription

A

Activator-binding site

96
Q

In gene regulation, a protein that enhances the ability of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription

A

Activator

97
Q

A regulatory mechanism that allows cells to prioritize use of carbon/energy sources

A

Carbon catabolite repression

98
Q

Two-phase growth pattern is called

A

Diauxic growth

99
Q

When lactose is present:

High levels of glucose cause Low Levels of cAMP

This represses or activates the Lac Operon?

A

Repression

100
Q

When Lactose is present

Low levels of glucose and high levels of cAMP

Is there Repression or Activation of the Lac Operon

A

Activation

101
Q

Type of carbon carabolite repression that prevents a carbon/ energy source from being transported into the cell

A

Inducer exclusion

102
Q

In the lac operon

If glucose is present, the activator _____ is not active , so the lac operon is not transcribed

Glucose is available, _________ prevents lactose from entering the cell

If lactose is absent, the _____ is active, blocking transcription of the lac operon

A

CAP

Inducer exclusion

Repressor

103
Q

In the lac operon model

If glucose is not available, the activator ______ is _______, so it facilitates transcription of the lac operon

A

CAP / active

104
Q

An activator enhances transcription when it binds to ______

A

Activator-binding site

105
Q

Inducers bring about gene expression by binding either to repressors doing this _______
Or to activators doing this ______

A

Disabling them

Enabling them

106
Q

Cellular mechanism that targets specific mRNA molecules for destruction by using small RNA fragments to id it

A

RNA interference

107
Q

RNA interference join with _______ a multi-protein unit to destroy mRNA

A

RNA-induced silencing complex

RISC

108
Q

2 types of RNA molecules uses in RNAi

A

miRNA (MicroRNA)

short interfering RNA (siRNA)

109
Q

Stretch of DNA, generally longer than 300 base pairs that begin with a start codon and end with a stop codon.

Computers search for these to read the DNA

A

Open reading frame

110
Q

Cultivation-independent study of microbial communities or their members by analyzing the total microbial genomes in a sample take from the environment

A

Metagenomics

111
Q

This begins at the origin of replication and is semiconservative

A

DNA replication

112
Q

The bidirectional progress of replication around a circular DNA molecule creates two_____

A

Replication forks

113
Q

In DNA REPLICATION; ______ synthesizes DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction, using one strand as a template to generate the _______ strand

A

DNA polymerase/ complementary

114
Q

During TRANSCRIPTION: _______ synthesizes RNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction, producing a single-stranded RNA molecule complementary and antiparallel to the _______

A

RNA polymerase/ DNA template

115
Q

During translation, info encoded by mRNA is decoded using

A

The genetic code

116
Q

______ locate key punctuation sequences on the mRNA molecule including a _________

A

Ribosomes/ Start codon

117
Q

______ carry specific amino acids and act as keys that intemperate the genetic code.

A

tRNA

118
Q

Ribosomes move along ______ in the 5’ to 3’ direction, translation terminates when it reaches a ______

A

mRNA / Stop Codon

119
Q

In _____, transcription and translation occur at the same time

A

Prokaryotic cells

120
Q

In Eukaryotic cells mRNA must be transported out of the _____ to the ____

A

Nucleus/ cytoplasm

121
Q

Bacteria use ____ to activate genes that are only useful when expressed in critical mass

A

Quorum sensing

122
Q

_____ is a random alteration in characteristics of surface proteins

A

Antigenic variation

123
Q

_______ is the random switching on and off of certain genes

A

Phase variation

124
Q

_______ enzymes are constantly made.

_____ enzymes can be turned on by certain conditions.

_____ enzymes can be turned off by certain conditions

A

Constitutive

Inducible

Repressible

125
Q

The lac operon uses a repressor that (prevents / initiates) transcription of genes when lactose is not available.

A

Prevents transcription

126
Q

_____ prevents transcription of the lac operon when glucose is available

A

Carbon catabolic repression

127
Q

A molecule that regulates gene expression in 2 ways

Binding to Repressors Disabling them

Binding to Activators

A

Inducer

128
Q

Rna polymerase is used in …

A

RNA polymerase is used in TRANSCRIPTION. This is the first step in gene expression in which a single strand of double-stranded DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary single-stranded RNA.

129
Q

DNA polymerase is used in

A

DNA replication as in mitosis and meiosis

130
Q

Catabolite activator protein(CAP)

A

acts as a glucose sensor. It activates transcription of the operon, but only when glucose levels are low. CAP senses glucose indirectly, through the “hunger signal” moleculecAMP.

131
Q

What is the “hunger signal” molecule

A

cAMP

132
Q

When lactose is not available the “lac repressor” is located where?

Doing what?

A

Bound to the operator, overlapping the promoter.

Stopping RNA polymerase from transcription of lactase

133
Q

The _______ is a negative regulatory site bound by the lac repressor protein which over laps the promoter.

A

Operator

134
Q

The ___________ is a positive regulatory site that is bound by catabolite activator protein (CAP). When CAP is bound to this site, it promotes transcription by helping RNA polymerase bind to the promoter.

A

CAP binding site

135
Q

The lac operon is considered ________ (this type of operon) because it is usually turned off (repressed), but can be turned on in the presence of the inducer allolactose.

A

Inducible operon

136
Q

CAP is only active when glucose levels are low (cAMP levels are _____)

What is cAMP

A

High

A hunger molecule

137
Q

Glucose present, lactose absent:

No transcription of the lac operon occurs. That’s because the ___________ remains bound to the operator and prevents transcription by RNA polymerase. Also, cAMP levels are ____ because glucose levels are high, so ____ is inactive and cannot bind DNA.

A

Lac repressor

Low

CAP

138
Q

Glucose absent, lactose present:

Strong transcription of the lac operon occurs. The lac repressor is released from the ______ because the inducer (allolactose) is present. cAMP levels are high because glucose is absent, so ____is active and bound to the DNA. CAP helps RNA polymerase bind to the promoter, permitting high levels of transcription.

A

Operator

CAP

139
Q

What determines the structure and function of a protein

A

Amino acid sequence

140
Q

Many enzymes in replication form an “assembly line” called ….

A

Replisome

141
Q

Where does the energy for DNA replication come from ?

A

Hydrolysis of the phosphate bonds within the DNA

142
Q

Can DNA polymerase initiate replication?

A

No it needs DNA primase

143
Q

Which end can DNA polymerase add nucleotides to?

A

3’ end

144
Q

** Correct **

In transcription RNA polymerase binds to sequence called

A

Promoter

145
Q

Is a primer needed in transcription?

A

No

146
Q

Transcription starts at…

Ends at…

A

Promoter

Terminator

147
Q

RNA will have the same sequence as the (+ or -) strand?

A

+

148
Q

Start and stop codons are used in…

A

Translation

149
Q

Initiation of translation

Part of the ribosome binds to mRNA sequence called __________

A

Ribosome binding site

150
Q

3 steps of translation

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

151
Q

Elongation continues until the ______ reaches the stop codon

Does tRNA recognize a stop codon?

A

Ribosome

No

152
Q

Multiple ribosomes can be on the same mRNA

T or F

A

True

153
Q

Polypeptides destined for outside the cell are modified with….

A

Signal sequences (shipping tags)

154
Q

Translation during transcription is only possible in this type of cell

A

Prokaryotic

155
Q

A set of regulated genes transcribed as single mRNA along with its control sequence is ….

A

Operon

156
Q

Seperate operons controlled by single regulatory mechanism constitute …

A

Regulon

157
Q

Simultaneous regulation of numerous genes all together

A

Global control

158
Q

2 most common regulatory mechanism to control transcription are …

A

Alternative sigma factors

DNA binding proteins

159
Q

DNA binding proteins can act as repressors by binding to _____ stopping RNA polymerase.

A

The operator

160
Q

2 mechanisms of repressors

  1. Induction.

“Inducer molecule “ binds to the Repressor, Repressor unable to bind transcription is (On / Off)

2 Inactive Repressor. Repressor cannot bind to operator

A Co-Repressor attaches to “Inactive-Repressor “ complex now binds to operator transcription is (On / Off)

A

On

Off

161
Q

____ binds to the Repressor and alters its shape so it can no longer bind to the operator

A

Inducer

162
Q

DNA-binding proteins can act as _____

A

Activators

163
Q

What prevents the expression of genes that metabolize lactose in presence of glucose

A

Carbon catabolite repression

164
Q

If glucose is available the activator CAP is ( active / not active)

A

Not active

165
Q

If glucose is present lactose is not permitted to enter the cell from

A

Inducer exclusion

166
Q

If lactose is present the repressor is (active/ inactive)

Lactose not present

A

Inactive

Active

167
Q

RNA interference involves 2 things

A

RNA-induced silencing complex RISC

RNA strand that serves as Probe for binding to mRNA to be destroyed

168
Q

What was the first genome published in 1995

A

Haemophilus influenzae

169
Q

Prokaryotic DNA sequence

+ Strand used to represent sequence of RNA transcript

______ in (+) DNA indicates a possible start codon

A

ATG

170
Q

Presence of lactose acts as _______
It attaches to the lac operor repressor and turns it into a ________

A

Inducer

Inactive repressor

171
Q

Sigma factors are multi-domain subunits of bacterial RNA polymerase that play critical roles in ________ initiation, including the recognition and opening of promoters as well as the initial steps in RNA synthesis

A

Transcription

172
Q

________ is a DNA sequence where the RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription. _______ is the DNA segment where the repressor molecule binds to the operon model.

A

Promoter / Operator

173
Q

________ is a DNA sequence where the RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

A

Promoter

174
Q

______ is the DNA segment where the repressor molecule binds to the operon model.

A

Operator

175
Q

What helps RNA polymerase find the promoter

A

Sigma factors

176
Q

_________ is a DNA sequence where the RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription. _______ is the DNA segment where the repressor molecule binds to the operon model.

A

Promoter / operator

Pathogenic Microbiology (31 decks)

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