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Pathogenic Microbiology > Chapter 13: Viruses, Viroids, Prions > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Viruses, Viroids, Prions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Virus that infects bacteria, often called a phage. This is its real name

A

Bacteriophage

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2
Q

Infection in which the viral genome is present in the host cell but not active

No new particles being produced

A

Latent infection

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3
Q

A bacterium that carries phage DNA (prophage) integrated into its genome

A

Lysogen

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4
Q

A change in 1 or more of the properties of a bacterium upon acquiring a prophage

A

Lysogenic Conversion

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5
Q

A productive infection that causes the host cell to burst (lysis)

A

Lytic infection

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6
Q

Infectious protein that causes neurodegenerative disease

A

Prion

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7
Q

Viral infection in which more viral particles are produced

A

Productive infection

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8
Q

Infectious agent of plants that consist only of RNA

A

Viroid

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9
Q

Complete virus in its inert non-replicating form outside a host cell; also referred to as a viral particle

A

Virion

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10
Q

The genome in virus maybe linear or circular

Single or double stranded

T or F

A

T

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11
Q

Protein coat that surronds the nucleic acid of a virus

A

Capsid

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12
Q

Protein units that form a capsid are called

A

Capsomeres

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13
Q

Viral nucleic acid and its protein coat(caspid) are called

A

Nucleocapsid

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14
Q

Structures on the outside of the virion that bind to host cell receptors

A

Spikes

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15
Q

Some viruses have an outer lipid bilayer called an envelope, others don’t.

Does this make them more or less susceptible to soaps and other disinfectants.

Why

A

More susceptible

The chemicals bind to the lipid layer removing the spikes

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16
Q

Phages are typically enveloped or non-enveloped

A

Non-enveloped

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17
Q

Non-enveloped viruses consist of (name the parts)

A

Capsomere

Nucleocaspid (nucleic acid and caspid)

Spikes

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18
Q

Enveloped viruses consist of (name parts)

A

Spikes
Matrix protein
Nucleocaspid (Nucleic acid & caspid)
Envelope

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19
Q

3 shapes of viruses. Describe shape

Icosahedral
Helical
Complex

A

Icosahedral: Soccer ball like
Helical: spiral stair case
Complex: Mixture of the two. Tradional Virus shape

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20
Q

What is analogous to Domain in Viruses

A

Realm

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21
Q

What does the suffix-viridae mean

A

virus

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22
Q

Are virus names capitalized or italicized

A

No

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23
Q

Arhtropod-borne RNA virus, carried by vectors such as mosquitoes

A

Arbovirus

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24
Q

Entric viruses come from what

A

Feces. Named after “entero” system or intestines

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25
Q

Almost all ______ are Non-enveloped, whereas animal viruses can be either enveloped or not

A

Bacteriophages

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26
Q

Viruses are classified based primarily on characteristics of their genome type such as….

A

Nucleic acid and strandedness

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27
Q

Viruses are group by…

A

Their route of transmission

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28
Q

The state of a phage when it’s DNA is integrated into the genome of the host

A

Latent state

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29
Q

Bacteriophages that lyse their host are called (2)

A

Lytic phage / virulent phage

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30
Q

How do phages make Genome entry

A

Using lysozyme

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31
Q

Synthesis of phage protein and genome happens by the phage. One of the first protiens transcribed is ______ which degrades the host cells DNA

A

Nuclease

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32
Q

How are phages released from the cell after they have been synthesized

A

Lysozyme lysis the cell from the inside out

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33
Q

A bacteriophage that can either direct a productive infection that leads to the host cell lysis

Or

Remain silent within the host as a prophage that replicates along with the host cell genome

Is this type of phage

A

Temperate phage

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34
Q

Latent form of a temperate phage; the phage DNA has generally been inserted into the host’s chromesome

A

Prophage

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35
Q

Bacterium that carries phage DNA(prophage) integrated into its genome

A

Lysogen

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36
Q

Temperate phages have two options to spread phages inside their host

Lytic infection

Lysogenic infection

Describe both

A

Lytic: subsequent production of more viral particles and lysis of the cell

Lysogenic infection: Phage DNA replicates silently as a prophage (integrated into host chromesomes) eventually they get triggered to be excised from the host’s DNA and form viral particles and lysis the cell

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37
Q

Process by which phage DNA is excised from bacterial chromosomal DNA

A

Phage induction

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38
Q

Which process can Excise phage DNA from the chromesome

A

SOS repair

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39
Q

The change in phenotype of a lysogen as a result of the specific prophage it carries

A

Lysogenic conversion

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40
Q

Change in the properties of a bacterium, conferred by a prophage

A

Lysogenic conversion

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41
Q

Temperate phages either lyse their host or exist within the host as a….

A

Prophage

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42
Q

Filamentous single-stranded DNA phages are ______ from the host cell without killing the cell

A

Extruded

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43
Q

_____ results from packaging errors during phage assembly

A

Generalized transduction

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44
Q

Bacterial progeny that contains a Bacterial genome instead of phage DNA due to an error during packaging

A

Transducing particle

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45
Q

_____ results from an excision mistake made by a temperate phage during its transition from lysogenic to a lytic cycle

A

Specialized transduction

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46
Q

Which Transduction involves the transfer of both bacterial and phage DNA

A

Specialized transduction

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47
Q

Method used to measure the number of viral particles present in a sample

A

Plaque assay

48
Q

Circular zones of clearing in the bacterial lawn

A

Plaques

49
Q

5 steps of infection cycle of animal virus

A

Attachment
Genome entry
Synthesis
Assembly
Release

50
Q

How does virion entry differ from phages

A

Virions enter fully into the cell
Phages only inject nucleic acid

51
Q

Enveloped viruses enter the host 2 ways.

A

Fusion with the host membrane
Endocytosis

52
Q

3 types of replication of DNA viruses

A

Double stranded: Similar to DNA replication Central Dogma

Single-Stranded DNA: A complement to the single strand must be made

Retoviruses: 2 copies of single stranded RNA and reverse transcriptase, Converted to double stranded DNA. Integrated into chromesome as a PROVIRUS. This part is transcribed to make a Polyprotein which is then cleaved to produce the parts of the virion

53
Q

2 copies of single stranded RNA and reverse transcriptase, Converted to double stranded DNA. Integrated into chromesome as a PROVIRUS. This part is transcribed to make a Polyprotein which is then cleaved to produce the parts of the virion

Describes this process

A

Retoviruses duplication

54
Q

Minor changes that occur naturally in influenza virus antigens as a result of mutations

A

Antigenic drift

55
Q

Segmented viruses do what

A

Their genomes consist of more than 1 piece of RNA.

If 2 strains infect the same cell they can reassort and produce new types

Antigenic shift

56
Q

Major changes in the antigenic composition of flu viruses that result from reassortment of viral RNA during infection of the same host cell by different strains

A

Antigenetic shift

57
Q

Reverse transcriptase does what?

A

Synthesizes DNA from RNA

58
Q

Group of viruses that have a single-stranded RNA genome; their enzyme reverse transcriptase synthesizes a DNA copy that is then integrated into the host’s cell chromesome

A

Retrovirus

59
Q

Viral assembly involves packaging the ____ into the _____

A

Nucleic acid/ capsid

60
Q

Most enveloped viruses are relased from the host cell via

A

Budding

61
Q

Non-enveloped viruses are relased from…

A

Apoptosis

62
Q

Animal viruses can be divided into 2 categories

A

Acute

Persistent

63
Q

Persistent viruses can be divided into

A

Chronic & Latent

64
Q

Latent form of a virus in which viral DNA is incorporated into the chromesome of the host

A

Provirus

65
Q

Proto-oncogenes do what to growth

Tumor Suppressors?

A

Stimulate

Supress

66
Q

Gene whose activity is involved in turning a normal cell into a cancer cell

A

Oncogene

67
Q

Oncovirus

A

Virus that causes cancer

68
Q

Oncolytic viruses

A

Target and kill cancer cells

69
Q

Cell culture or tissue culture are used to

A

Cultivate most animal viruses

70
Q

Observable change in a cell in vitro caused by a viral action such as cell lysis

A

Cytopathic effect

71
Q

Microscopiclly visible structure within a virally infected cell, representing the site at which the virus replicates

A

Inclusion body

72
Q

The titer of the virus is the dilution at which 50% of the inoculated host are killed this is reported as

A

LD ⁵⁰ leathal dose or ID⁵⁰ infective dose

73
Q

_____ occurs when individual viral particles attach to surface molecules of multiple RBC connecting cells to form an aggregate

A

Hemaggulutination

74
Q

The highest dilution showing maximum aggulation is the ____ of the virus

A

Titer

75
Q

Viruses that lyse their host cells can be assayed by….

A

Counting plaques

76
Q

_____ are experimental methods for assessing the presence, localization, or biological activity of a substance in living cells and biological matrices.

A

Assays

77
Q

______ cause productive infections, but the viral particles are continually extruded from the host in the assembly process, and the cells are not killed.

A

Filamentous phage

78
Q

_____ results from a packaging error during the phage assembly. Particles can transfer any gene of a donor to recipient cell

A

Generalized transduction

79
Q

____ results from an excision mistake made by a temperate phage during the transition from a lysogenic cycle to lytic cycle. Only genes located near the site at which the temperate phage integrates are transduced

A

Specialized transduction

80
Q

_____ are used to quantitate the phage particles in a sample

A

Plaque assays

81
Q

Entry and uncoating

In the case of animal viruses, the entire _____ enters the cell

A

Virion

82
Q

Entry and uncoating

Enveloped viruses either fuse with the host membrane or are taken in via _____ the same method all Non-enveloped virions enter

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

83
Q

Do viruses use their own DNA polymerase or the host.

What is the advantage

A

Their own

They can replicate when the host cell isn’t

84
Q

RNA viruses usually replicate in _____

A

The cytoplasm

85
Q

General term for any virally encoded Enzyme that replicates the genome of an RNA virus

A

Replicase

86
Q

___ is one of the most precise methods for determining the concentration of animal viruses in a sample

A

Plaque assay

87
Q

____ is a measurement of the amount or concentration of a substance in a solution

A

Titer

88
Q

_____ estimates the titer by determining the ID⁵⁰ or LD⁵⁰

A

Quantal assays

89
Q

_______ do not bind to receptor site however through wound sites

A

Virions (viruses outside the host) of Viroids (plant disease)

90
Q

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy are?

caused by?

A

Fatal neurodegenerative disease that put sponge-like holes in the brain

Prions

91
Q

_________ is defined as an experiment for estimating the potency of a drug, material or process by means of the reaction that follows its application to living matter.

A

Quantal assay

92
Q

Viruses are classified generally based on…

A

Type of cell they infect. Pro/Eukaryotes

93
Q

Bacteriophages attach via

A

Tail fibers

94
Q

Integrated phage DNA is called

A

Prophage

95
Q

This process called _____ allows phage to enter lytic cycle and escape the cell

A

Phage Induction

96
Q

This process is an Excision mistake during transition from lysogenic to lytic cycle of temperate phage

A

Specialized transduction

97
Q

______ are used to count phage particles in samples

A

Plaque assays

98
Q

Zones of clearing from bacterial lysis are called…

A

Plaques

99
Q

Counting plaques yields the ______ which is concentration of phage in the original sample

A

Titer

100
Q

Replicase in the replication of RNA viruses generates mutations. This results in antigenic variation called…

A

Antigenic drift

101
Q

Some RNA viruses have a segmented genome. When 2 viruses infect a host the 2 strains may “reassort” into 1 strain.

This process is called

A

Antigenic shift

102
Q

Release

Most enveloped viruses leave cell via….

Non-enveloped viruses leave….

A

Budding

Apoptosis

103
Q

Do phages infect humans

A

Nope

104
Q

Capsid outside, DNA inside is this process

A

Eclipse

105
Q

Phage encoded repressor does this

A

Prevents excision

106
Q

Counting plaque yields ______ concentration of phage in original sample

A

Tither

107
Q

Animal viruses penetration is called….

Bacterial virus penetration is called….

A

Uncoating

Eclipse

108
Q

_______ is the accumulation of a series of minor genetic mutations.

While _______ involves “mixing” of genes from influenza viruses from different species

A

Antigenic drift

Antigenic shift

109
Q

Plaque assay measures the virus ______ which is the concentration of viruses in a sample.

A

Tither

110
Q

_____ process contains only bacterial DNA transfer and not viral DNA

A

Generalized transduction

111
Q

Temperate phage infection in which the phage DNA replicates silently within the host cell as a prophage, instead of directing a productive infection

A

Lysogenic infection

112
Q

_____ occurs if a prophage carries genes that change the phenotype of the host cell.

A

Lysogenic conversion

113
Q

Acute infections are akin to ____ lytic infections

A

Productive

114
Q

A type of persistent infection Latent infections are akin to _____in bacteriophages in that the virus genome remains in the host cell but is not active

A

Lysogeny

115
Q

Many viruses can be detected by their effect on cells in a culture (how they change the cell), called _______

A

Cytopathic effect

Pathogenic Microbiology (31 decks)

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