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Pathogenic Microbiology > Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The 3 Domians

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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2
Q

An a-cellular infectious agent consisting only of protein

A

Prion

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3
Q

Which Domains are Prokaryotic

A

Archaea & Bacteria

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4
Q

An acellular infectious agent consisting only of RNA

Only attacks plants

A

Viroid

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5
Q

An acellular infectious agent consisting of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

A

Virus

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6
Q

General term for all microorganisms and acellular infectious agents such as viruses

A

Microbe

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7
Q

Francesco Redi’s 1668 experiment that disproved spontaneous generation

A

Covered rotten meat with gauze to prevent flys from laying eggs

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8
Q

Needham vs Spallanzani in spontaneous generation experiments.

A

Needham boiled broths for a short time and sealed with a cork when the broth became contaminanted this “proved” spontaneous generation

Spallanzani boiled broth longer and melted the flask shut thus preventing contamination

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9
Q

The compound microscope is a combination of the ocular (eye peace) which powers is _______ x

And the objective in posistion what are the powers on the objectives.

____x
____x
____x
____x

Giving 4 possible final strengths for the total magnification

Which are

A

10x

4x
10x
40x
100x

40x
100x
400x
1000x

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10
Q

How do the image appear in the microscope

A

Inverse & Reversed

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11
Q

Which part of the microscope controls the ammount of light?

A

Iris Diaphragm

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12
Q

Which part of the microscope focuses light?

A

Condensor lens

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13
Q

Stays in focus even when magnification is changed

A

Parfocal

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14
Q

The _______ the wave length the _____ the resolution

A

Smaller / Greater

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15
Q

Visible light has the greatest sized wave length thus the ______ resolution

Ultra violent lights wave legth is _____ compared the Visible light and is ____
Compared to the wave length of an electron beam

A

Lowest

Smaller / Greater

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16
Q

Name the 2 fungi we examined

A

Penicillium: Mold

Saccharomyces: Yeast

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17
Q

Name the prostist we looked at

What is a plant?

Which is an animal?

A

Euglena: Single celled plant

Paramecium: Single celled animal

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18
Q

What was the Alga we looked at

A

Chlamydomonas kluh.mi.duh.mow.nuhz

is a single-celled green alga found in temperate soil habitats

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19
Q

Ball shaped bacteria

A

Coccus

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20
Q

Rod shapped bacteria

A

Bacillus

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21
Q

Spirillium or Spirochete are which shapped bacteria

A

Cork screw shapped

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22
Q

What are the cock screwed shaped bacteria

A

Spirillum / Spirochete

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23
Q

This is the minimum distance at which two distinct points of a specimen can still be seen

A

Resolution

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24
Q

Resistant type of dormant cell produced by some types of bacteria.

A

Endospore

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25
Q

Microorganisms cause certain diseases is a principle called

A

Germ theory of disease

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26
Q

4 parts and subparts of the scientific method

A

Making an observation and asking a question about it

Forming a hypothesis

Experiment, collect data, draw a conclusion.

Communicate method, results, and conclusions

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27
Q

How did Pasteurs experiment disprove the idea that “air contained a Vital Force”

A

He used goose neck flask that allowed the air in and trapped the microbes in the bend.

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28
Q

An explanation supported by an extensive amount of experimental evidence.

A

Theory

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29
Q

How are the Normal Microbiota beneficial.

3 ways

A

Prevent disease by competing for resources

Degrade food that body cant

Promote development of the immune system.

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30
Q

What is the Old Friends hypothesis

A

Early Exposure helps the immune system learn to distinguish Friendly Microbes from Dangerous ones.

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31
Q

Undertaking that used genomics to study the normal microbiota of the human body

A

Human Microbiome Project

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32
Q

Chlamydomonas
kluh.mi.duh.mow.nuhz

is a single-celled & found in temperate soil habitats

What relevance does this have to our class

A

It is the only Alga we looked at

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33
Q

Saccharomyces is a ______

From which kingdom

A

Yeast

Fungi

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34
Q

Microorganisms do this to N² to make it usable to plants and animals

A

Nitrogen fixing

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35
Q

DNA sequencing program to sequence all known plants, animal, protozoan, and fungal species

A

Earth Biogenome Project

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36
Q

Commercial benefits of Microorganisms (3)

A

Food Production (beer, bread, cheese)

Biodegredation ( degrading environmental pollutants)

Commercially Valueable Products
(Ethanol-biofuel, amino acids, insects toxins, and certain plastics)

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37
Q

Which is the scanning objective

Low power

High dry

Oil immersion

A

4x

10x

40x

100x

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38
Q

Heliobacter pylori causes what?

A

Stomach ulcers

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39
Q

Protists consists of these 2 groups

A

Algea & Protozoa

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40
Q

In the microbial world name the 4 types of Eukaryotes

A

Algea, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths

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41
Q

A micron or um is how big compared to a mm

A

1 um = .001 mm

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42
Q

Which microbes measure 0.3 - 2 um

Which measure 5 - 50 um

A

Bacteria & Archaea

Eukarya

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43
Q

This type of Gram-negative bacteria group together to form complex structures called Fruiting Bodied

A

Myxobacteria

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44
Q

Do archaea have cell walls

A

Yes

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45
Q

How does archaea cell wall differ from bacteria

A

Lack of peptidoglycan

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46
Q

The macroscopic reproductive structure of fungus is called.

Spores are also called.

A

Mushrooms

Conidia

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47
Q

Describe the chemical composition of Viruses

A

Consist of DNA o RNA and have a protein coat. Obligate intracellular agents

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48
Q

Describe the chemical composition of Viroids

A

Consist only of RNA and No Protein coat. Obligate intracellular agent

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49
Q

Describe the chemical composition of Prions.

A

Consist only of misfolded protein. Cause host cells to misfold their proteins

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50
Q

Elements that contain at least _____, ______ , _______are organic compounds

A

Carbon & Hydrogen & oxygen

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51
Q

The amount of a chemical in grams that contains 6.022 × 10²³ particles

A

Mole

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52
Q

The mole of one substance has the same number of particles as a mole of another substance

True or False

A

True

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53
Q

Macromolecules are made through _______ and degraded by _______

A

Dehydration synthesis / hydrolysis

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54
Q

Distinctive chemical arrangement that contributes to the properties of a molecule

A

Functional group

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55
Q

A chemical reaction in which H²O is removed and results in 2 molecules joined together

A

Dehydration synthesis

56
Q

Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down as H²O is added

A

Hydrolysis

57
Q

Ribose & Deoxyribose are _ - carbon sugars

They are also this kind of Carbohydrate

A

5

Monosaccharide

58
Q

Lactose, sucrose, and maltose are this kind of Carbohydrate

A

Disaccharides

59
Q

Cellulose, startch, glycogen, dextran, chitin, and agar are this kind of Carbohydrate

A

Polysaccharides

60
Q

Saturated fatty acids have ___ double bonds

Unsaturated fatty acids have __ double bonds.

A

None

1 or more

61
Q

Peptide bonds join the amino group of one amino acid with the __ group of another

A

Carboxyl

62
Q

Primary structure of a protein is…

A

Amino acid sequence

63
Q

The secondary structure of a protein is…

A

Repeated coiling or folding.

64
Q

The tertiary structure of a protein is….

A

The overall 3D shape

65
Q

The quaternary structure of a protein is…

A

The shape that results from the interaction of multiple polypeptide chains

66
Q

The purine or pyrimidine ring structure found in nucleotides; aka the base

A

Nucleobase

67
Q

What makes up a Nuclelc Acid

A

Nucleobase, pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

68
Q

Complementry describes the DNA structure that the nucleobases that are characteristically hydrogen bonded to one another.

Name these bonds

A

A - T & C - G

69
Q

How does ATP carry energy?

A

High-energy phosphate bonds

70
Q

H - H is what kind of bond

A

Covalent

71
Q

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds is called?

A

Molecule

72
Q

A ______ is a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

A ________ is a substance which is formed by two or more different types of elements which are united chemically in a fixed proportion.

All molecules are not compounds. All compounds are molecules.

True or False

A

Molecule

Compound

True

73
Q

H² is this kind of substance

NaCl is this kind

A

Molecule

Compound

74
Q

CHONPS stands for this

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
PHOSPHORUS
Sulfur

75
Q

The number of moles of a compound dissolved in enough water to make 1 liter of solution

A

Molarity

76
Q

Chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to other are called

A

Oxidation-reduction reactions Or
Redox reactions

77
Q

Reactants that typically lose electrons in a redox reaction are called _____ agents

Reactants that typically gain them are called _____ agents

A

Reducing / oxidizing

78
Q

When an element gains an electron is it _______

When an element loses an electron it is ______

A

Reduced / Oxidized

79
Q

Buffers function by releasing H+ ions into a solution when a(n) ____ is added and combing with H+ ions when a(n) _____ is added

A

Base / Acid

80
Q

RNA has this at the 2 prime spot

DNA has this at the 2 prime spot

A

Hydroxyl group

Hydrogen

81
Q

Several polysaccharides have the same subunit (glucose) but differ in structure how?

A

Linkage that joins subunits together

Degree of branching

82
Q

Glycogen is….

A

the energy-storage product of animals and some bacteria

83
Q

____ a polymer of galactose, is found in the cell walls of certain types of algae

A

Agar

84
Q

Fatty acids are linear carbon skeletons with a _____ group at one end

A

Carboxyl (-COOH)

85
Q

Most common simple lipid in nature and most efficient method of storing our energy

A

Triglycerides

86
Q

If a HO hydroxyl group is attached to a steroid it is called

A

A sterol

87
Q

To form a triglycerides, each fatty acid is joined to glycerol via _______
Involving a _____ group of glycerol and the carboxyl group of the _____

A

Dehydration synthesis
Hydroxl group of glycerol
Fatty acid

88
Q

Fats that contain only saturated fatty aicds are ______ at room temperature.

Unsaturated are ______ at room temperature.

A

Solid / Liquid

89
Q

Phospholipids have ____ heads
And _____ tails

A

Hydrophilic/ Hydrophobic

90
Q

All amino acids have the following 5 structures.

A

Hydrogen atom
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Amino Group (-NH²)
Side chain or R group
Central Carbon Atom

91
Q

What distinguishes animo acids from each other?

A

Side chain or R group

92
Q

______ are subunits of Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotides

93
Q

Some forms of RNA are short double-stranded regions due to …

A

Hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs

94
Q

How is Adenosine formed?

A

Adenine plus ribose

95
Q

Type of bacteria that produces endospore

A

Bacillus, Clostridium,

96
Q

Which microorganisms are associated with periodontal disease

A

Archaea

97
Q

Viruses, viroids, and prions are all?

Are they considered alive

A

Acellular infectious agent

No

98
Q

First part of the scientific name
2nd part

A

Genus Capitalized

Species lower case

All italics

99
Q

This bond is the attraction between a specific atom in a polar molecule and an electronegativite atom in the same or another polar molecule

A

Hydrogen bond

100
Q

Chemical bond formed when atoms share an electron

A

Covalent

101
Q

This is the sum of protons and neutrons

A

Mass number

102
Q

Average of the mass numbers of an element. Weighted to the relative abundance of this naturally occurring ISOTOPE

A

Atomic Mass

103
Q

Same chemical elements differs in number of neutrons

A

Isotope

104
Q

When an element gains or loses an electron it is called

A

An Ion

105
Q

Hydrogen bonds are formed when a Hydrogen atom in a polar molecule is attracted to ______ atom in the same or another molecule

A

Electronegativite

106
Q

Which is more electronegativite Oxygen or Hydrogen

A

Oxygen

107
Q

Molecules that contain the same elements but in different arrangements that are not mirror images

They have different names and properties

A

Structural isomers

108
Q

Distinct part of protein associated with a certain function

A

Protein domain

109
Q

DNA has this kind of backbone

A

Sugar phosphate

110
Q

What is at the 5’ end of DNA

What is at the 3’

A

5 = phosphate

3 = hydroxyl

111
Q

How many electrons on 2nd shell

A

8

112
Q

Are neutral atoms always stable

A

No

113
Q

Electrons ______ from the nucleus have higher energy level

A

Further

114
Q

Covalent bonds are difficult to break at biological temperature.

They require _____ to do this

A

Enzymes

115
Q

Surronds each plant cell

A

Cellulose

116
Q

Storage form of glucose in plants

A

Startch

117
Q

Storage form of glucose in bacteria

A

Dextran

118
Q

All amino acids except glycine exist as _____

A

Optical isomers

119
Q

Why does 2ndary structure occur

A

Hydrogen bonds or ionized R-groups

120
Q

Tertiary structure occurs due to

A

Interaction of hydrophobic/phillic R-groups

121
Q

Nucleic acid is made of ______

Nucleotides are made of _____

A

Nucleotide

Phosphate, pentose sugar, nucleobase

122
Q

Can produce images of atoms on a surface

A

Scanning probe microscope

123
Q

Special optics amplify difference between refractive index of dense material and surrounding medium

Makes cells appear darker

A

Phase-contrast microscope

124
Q

Specimens stained with fluorescenst dye

Dye marks percise location

Detailed interior of intact cells

A

Scanning Lazer microscope

125
Q

Small molecules cross gram negative via

A

Porins

126
Q

_____ prevents cross linking of glycine chains

A

Penicillin

127
Q

______ break Linking glycine chains

A

Lysozomes

128
Q

____ stains inside of gram cells

A

Crystal Violet

129
Q

Do plasmids code genetic info

A

No

130
Q

Accumulation of polymers

A

Storage granules

131
Q

____ allow cell to detect, respond to signals

A

Lipid drafts

132
Q

Electro chem gradient maintenance by

A

Sodium ir Proton pumps

133
Q

Pinocytosis forms ____ which fuse with ____

A

Endosome / lysosome

134
Q

Phagocytosis _____ surrond and bring material into _____<

A

Pseduopods /phagosome

135
Q

Old organelle fused with lysosome <____

A

Autophagy

136
Q

N¹ = N⁰ x 2¹

A

N¹= number of cells at t (time)

N⁰ = initial number if cells

n = number if generation

Pathogenic Microbiology (31 decks)

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