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Pathogenic Microbiology > Chapter 4 & 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 & 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Polymer-encased community of microorganisms

A

Biofilm

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2
Q

A culture medium of exact chemical composition; generally used for experiments where nutrients must be precisely controled.

A

Chemical defined medium

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3
Q

A culture medium that contains protein digests, extracts, or other ingredients that vary in their chemical composition

A

Complex medium

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4
Q

A culture medium with an ingredient that certain microorganisms change in a recognizable way; used to differentiate based in metabolic traits

A

Differential medium

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5
Q

Stage in the growth curve during which cells divide at a constant rate; generation time is measured during this period of active multiplication

A

Exponential (Log)Phase

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6
Q

Organisms that grow best if O² is available, but also grow with out it.

A

Facultative Anaerobe

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7
Q

The time it takes for 1 population to double in number

A

Generation Time

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8
Q

Organisms that requires O²

A

Obligate Aerobe

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9
Q

Organsim that cannot multiply, and is often killed, in the presence of O²

A

Obligate Anaerobe

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10
Q

A population descended from a single cell

A

Pure culture

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11
Q

A culture medium with an ingredient that inhibits the growth of microbes other than the one being sought

A

Selective medium

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12
Q

Asexual process of reproduction in which one cell divides to form 2 daughter cells

A

Binary fission

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13
Q

Planktonic cells are …

A

Free floating

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14
Q

Mixture of hydrophobic polyermes ,polysaccharides, DNA, and proteins secreted by microbial cells as part of biofilm formation

A

Extracellular Polymeric Substances

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15
Q

Simplest and most commonly used technique for isolating bacteria; a series of successive streak patterns is used to sequentially dilute on the surface of an agar plate.

A

Streak-plate method

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16
Q

A system such as a tube, flask, or agar plate where nutrients are not replenished and waste are not removed as microorganisms grow

A

Closed system

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17
Q

Bacterial growth curve phase where there is ATP synthesis but no increase in cell numbers

A

Lag phase

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18
Q

When are bacteria most sensitive to antimicrobial medications and why?

A

During exponential growth phase

They are dividing and thus penicillin works best during this time

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19
Q

Compounds synthesized by a cell during the log phase

A

Primary metabolites

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20
Q

Microbial compounds that are made for purposes other than growth are called

A

2nd metabolites

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21
Q

Antibiotics are an example of this type of metabolite

A

2ndary

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22
Q

Primary metabolites are synthesized during the period of ______ . 2ndary metabolites begin to be synthesized in ________

A

Active multiplication / Early Log Phase

Late log phase

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23
Q

When neutrient levels are too low to sustain life and the stage where the number of viable cells remains constant

A

Stationary Phase

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24
Q

What does a chemostat do?

A

Allows nutrients to be added and waste to be removed from a bacterial growing enclosed

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25
Q

When organisms use O² in aerobic respiration, harmful derivatives called __________ form as by products

A

Reactive Oxygen Species

Harmful derivatives of O² such as superoxide O²- and hydrogen peroxide H²O²

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26
Q

Most organisms that grown in oxygen produce this enzyme that turns superoxide into O² and hydrogen peroxide

A

Superoxide dismutase

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27
Q

The enzyme catalase does …

A

Converts hydrogen peroxide into O² and water

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28
Q

Dehydration and shrinkage of cytoplasm from the cell as a result of diffusion of water out of a cell

A

Plasmolysis

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29
Q

______ require high level of salt

A

Halophiles

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30
Q

Hetrotrophs use ____ carbon

Autotrophs use _____ carbon

A

Organic

Inorganic

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31
Q

The conversion of nitrogen to ammonia is called

It is then incorporated into amino acids

A

Nitrogen fixing

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32
Q

Nutrients that limit growth because it is present at the lowest level concentration relative to need

Exp Phosphorus & Iron

A

Limiting nutrients

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33
Q

Compounds that a particular bacterium require in a growth medium because they cannot synthsize them

A

Growth factors

34
Q

Fastidious means

A

Having complicated nutritional needs

35
Q

This type of medium contains variety of Ingredients such as meat juices, digested proteins, & Blood agar

A

Complex media

36
Q

What is chocolate agar and which type of media is it an example of

A

Lysed red blood cells + supplements

Complex media

37
Q

Blood agar is which types of media.

Explain how this media is used to distinguish between Streptococcus bacteria

Describe alpha and beta lysis

A

Complex & Differential

Streptococcus pyogenes cause Beta lysis, clear zone around the colony

Alpha is characterized by a greenish discolorization

38
Q

MacConkey agar is this type

It contains lactose and ph indicator that turns bacteria that ferment sugar Ph indicated pink-red.

A

Differential and selective

39
Q

Culture method that provides conditions to enhance the growth of 1 particular species in a mixed population

A

Enrichment Culture

40
Q

How does direct microscope count work to determine the number of cells?

A

Cells are put on a square with a known amount of water. This number is averaged and multiple by the volume of water

41
Q

Cell counting and Direct cell count machines have 1 major disadvantage ….

A

It can’t distinguish between living and dead cells

42
Q

To count colonies on an agar plate which 2 methods can be used.

A

Spread-plate method

Pour-plate method

43
Q

Which cell count method is used to count with the least possible bacteria

Such as a lake

A

Membrane filtration

44
Q

Tech used to obtain statical estimates of cell numbers,a sample is successively diluted until the subsequent dilution receives no cells

A

Most probable number (MPN) method

45
Q

The cloudiness of a sample is called….

A

Turbidity

46
Q

This cell counting method is very rapid and used routinely. A correct is done between the fluid first than the fluids cloudiness is measured with a Spectrometer

A

Turbidity

47
Q

_______ counts determine the number of cells capable of multiplying

A

Plate

48
Q

________ estimates the cell concnetration

A

Most probably number MPN

49
Q

______ use inorganic compounds for energy and derive their carbon from CO ²

A

Chemolithoautotrophs

50
Q

Organisms that use light as the energy source and organic compounds as a carbon source

A

Photoheterotrophs

51
Q

Organisms that obtain energy and carbon from organic compounds

A

Chemoorganoheterotrophs

52
Q

A candle jar makes this type of environment

A

High Co2

53
Q

This type of cell count involves counting cells through a microscope

A

Direct count

54
Q

An isolated cell on an agar plate will….

A

Form a single colony

55
Q

Population of prokaryotic cells undergo 5 stages

A

Lag
Exponential growth log
Stationary
Death
Prolonged death

56
Q

Is boiling an example of sterilization

A

No, endospores can survive it

57
Q

Difference in useage in High-Temperature-Short-Time &
Ultra-High-Temperature method of pasteurization

A

HTST 72C for 15 seconds (Milk / Ice Cream)

UHT 140C few seconds (juice boxes/ boxed milk)

58
Q

Chemical endoscopres and heat tape are 2 ways to verify an autoclave is working

True or False

A

True

59
Q

Give an example of Dry heat (Incineration)

Moist heat used to destroy microbes

A

Dry = The loop in class

Moist = Auto Clave

60
Q

The wavelength is ________ proportional to the frequency

Radiation with _____ waves has a _____ frequency

A

Inversely

Short / High

61
Q

Ionozing radiation harms cells by destroying ______

It also reacts with O² to produce _____________

A

DNA

reactive oxygen species

62
Q

Which are most susceptible to Ionizing Radiation

Which are the least

A

Gram-negative Salmonella & Pseudomonas

Bacterial Endospores

63
Q

Categories of Germicidal Potency

These destroy all microbes and endospores in about 6 -10 hrs

Used to treat critical instruments

A

Steriliants

64
Q

Categories of Germicidal Potency

These detroy all viruses and vegetative microorganisms Not Endospores.

Used to treat semi critical instruments

Contact with mucos membranes and non-intact skin

A

High level disinfectants

65
Q

Categories of Germicidal Potency

Destroys all vegetative bacteria (including mycobacteria)

Disinfectant Non Critical instruments

A

Intermediate level disinfectants

66
Q

Categories of Germicidal Potency

Destroy fungi, vegetative (Not Mycobacteria) , most viruses

Used on floors, walls, and furniture

A

Low-level disinfectants

67
Q

Aqueous solution used as antiseptics to clean skin before it is broken (needle) & a disinfectants for cleaning instruments

A

Alcohols

68
Q

Glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthalaldehyde are used to sterilize medical instruments.

Formalin is used in vaccine production and to preserve biological specimens

A

Aldehydes

69
Q

Used in a variety of cleaning products disinfectant solutions, antiseptics by Healthcare & prescription mouthwash.

Incorporated into catheters and surgical mesh

A

Biguanides (chlorhexidine)

70
Q

Commonly used to sterilized medical devices

A

Ethylene Oxide Gas

71
Q

_____ is used in topical dressings to prevent infection of burns.

A

Silver

72
Q

Used to disinfect drinking and waste water

A

Ozone

73
Q

____ is used to sterilize juice and milk containers

______ is a widely used to disinfect and sterilez medical devices

A

Hydrogen peroxide

Peracetic acid

74
Q

________ were common antiseptics in the past but there are now safety concerns

A

Triclosan & hexachlorophene

75
Q

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
(Benzalkonium chloride) are cationic detergents that….

A

Disinfectant of inanimate objects and preserve non food substances

Not very toxic, safe for counter tops

76
Q

Benzoic, sorbic, propionic are what

A

Acids that are added to food to preserve

77
Q

What do Nitrates & Nitrites do

What bacteria do they prevent

A

Prevent bacterial growth

Give preserved meats a pink color

Endospores & Clostridium botulinum

78
Q

Ultra violet light damages the structure and function of …

A

Nucleic Acid

79
Q

Pseudomonas fluorescents Gram-positive or Gram-negative

A

Gram-negative

80
Q

Time, temp, pressure required to killed everything

A

121 Celsius, 15 lb sq In, 15 minutes

Pathogenic Microbiology (31 decks)

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