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Pathogenic Microbiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hydrolysis of the bonds between phosphate groups can be used to power endoergonic (energy-consuming) reactions.

Name the molecule

A

ATP

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2
Q

Metabolic process that stops short of oxidizing glucose or other organic compounds completely.

Using an organic intermediate as a terminal electron acceptor

A

Fermentation

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3
Q

Synthesis of ATP using the energy of a Proton Motive Force created by harvesting chemical energy; the enzyme ATP synthase catalyzed the reaction

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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4
Q

Synthesis of ATP using the energy of Proton Motive Force created by harvesting radiant energy

A

Photophosphorylation

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5
Q

Metabolic intermediates that link catabolic and anabolic pathways because they can either be broken down to generate ATP or used to make the subunits of macromolecules

A

Precursor Metabolites

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6
Q

Form of energy generated as an electron transport chain moves protons across a membrane to create a chemiosmotic gradient

A

Proton Motive force

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7
Q

Synthesis of ATP using the energy released in an exergonic (energy-releasing) chemical reaction during the breakdown of the energy source.

A

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

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8
Q

Chemical that is ultimately reduced as a consequence of fermentation or respiration

A

Terminal Electron Acceptor

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9
Q

_____ processes harvest the energy released during the breakdown of compounds and use it to make ATP

A

Catabolic

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10
Q

These processes synthesize and assemble subunits of macromolecules using ATP and precursor metabolites

A

Anabolic

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11
Q

_____ are compounds produced during catabolism that can either be further degraded or be used in anabolism to make subunits of macromolecules

A

Precursor metabolites

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12
Q

If the starting compound has more free energy that the products , energy is _____, and the reaction is said to be this type.

A

Released / Exergonic

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13
Q

If the products have more free energy that the starting compounds, the reaction requires an input of energy and is this type

A

Endergonic

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14
Q

Series of chemical reactions that convert a starting compound to an end product is called

A

Metabolic pathway

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15
Q

A substance on which an enzyme acts to form products

A

Substrate

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16
Q

How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction

A

By lowering the activation energy

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17
Q

Chemical Energy Source

The molecule that is (more/less) electronegativite will take the electron from another molecule.

This process releases energy the chemical that is the electron donor is called the __________ the chemical that accepts the electron is called the ________

A

More

Energy Source/ Terminal Electron Acceptor

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18
Q

Chemical that is ultimately reduced as a consequence of fermentation or respiration

A

Terminal electron acceptor

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19
Q

When an electron is transfered in a redox reaction what else is transferred?

What do you call this pair?

A

Proton (H+)

Electron & a Proton are called a Hydrogen Atom

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20
Q

Dehydrogenation is this part of a redox reaction

Hydrogenation is this part of a redox reaction

A

Oxidization

Reduction

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21
Q

The relative amount of energy to be gained by oxidizing a particular energy source can be predicted by considering _________

A

The electron affinity of the energy source ( electron donor) & terminal electron acceptor

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22
Q

NADH & FAD² transfer their electrons to ______ which uses the energy to generate Proton Motive Force

A

ETC

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23
Q

NADPH’s function is …

A

Reduced compounds in biosynthetic reactions

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24
Q

Glucose is _____ to produce ATP, reducing power (NADH, FADH²,NADPH) and precursor metabolites

Set of reactions called: _______

A

Oxidized

Central metabolic pathways

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25
Q

Transferring of electrons carried by NADH / FADH² to the ______________, which occurs as part of cellular respiration or fermentation

A

Terminal Electron Acceptor

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26
Q

Glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway; the transition step is often considered part of the TCA cycle

Are all considered this

A

Central metabolic pathways

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27
Q

This breaks down glucose for biosynthesis with reducing power in the form of NADPH

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

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28
Q

Tricarboxylic acid cycle is aka…

A

Krebs / Citric Acid cycle

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29
Q

What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen

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30
Q

What do fermentating cells use as a terminal electron acceptor

A

Peruvate

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31
Q

__________________is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. It generates NADPH and pentoses as well as ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides. While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic

A

The pentose phosphate pathway

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32
Q

Site on the enzyme where the substrate binds

A

Activation site

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33
Q

What changes shape when a substrate binds to the enzyme

A

The enzyme

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34
Q

Non-protein component required for the activity of some enzymes

A

Cofactor

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35
Q

Magnesium, zinc, copper and other trave elements often function as…

A

Cofactors

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36
Q

This is a secondary site on the enzyme which allow regulatory molecules to bind, thereby changing the active sites affinity for a substrate to increase or decrease.

A

Allosteric Regulltion

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37
Q

This type of enzyme inhibition uses the activation site so substrate cannot bind

Enzyme Inhibition where the Inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site

A

Competitive Inhibition

Non-Competitive

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38
Q

What are produced by a cell to regulate the activity of enzymes

A

Allosteric inhibitors

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39
Q

2 ATP (net) Substrate-level Phosphorylation

2 NADH + 2 H ±

Six different precursor metabolites

A

Glycolysis

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40
Q

NADPH + H+

two different precursor metabolites

This cycle generates

A

Pentose phosphate cycle

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41
Q

This step is repeated 2 times to oxidize 2 molecules of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.

Generates

2 NADH + 2H+
one precursor metabolites

A

Transition step

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42
Q

This step is repeated twice to incorporate the two acetyl groups, generates:

2 ATP- substrate level Phosphorylation (may involve conversion of GTP)

2 Co2
6 NADH + 6H+
2 FADH²
Two different precursor metabolites

A

TCA cycle

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43
Q

Which central metabolic pathway produces the greatest number of different precursor metabolites?

A

Glycolysis

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44
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation has 2 Steps.

  1. The ETC uses the reducing power of ______ & _______ to generate Proton Motive Force
  2. The enzyme __________ uses energy from the Proton Motive Force to drive the synthesis of ATP
A

NADH & FADH²

ATP synthase

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45
Q

In prokaryotic cells the ETC is located in ….

Eukaryotic….

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

Mitochondria

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46
Q

The _____ is a series of membrane-embedded carries, that accepts electrons from NADH & FADH², passing those electrons to the next carrier.

The energy released pumps protons across the membrane, generating an electrochemical gradient called…

A

ETC

Proton motive force

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47
Q

3 types of carriers in the ETC

  1. Lipid-soluble electron carriers of the ETC
  2. Heme-containing proteins that carry electrons, usually as part of an electron transport chain
  3. This organic group synthesizes FAD and other flavins are synthesized from the vitamin riboflavin
A
  1. Quinones
  2. Cytochromes
  3. Flavoproteins
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48
Q

After protons pass through the membrane by the Proton pump they return back through the membrane by traveling through ________

A

ATP synthase

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49
Q

The movement of protons through the ATP synthase provides energy to turn ______ into ATP

A

ADP

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50
Q

2 reasons a cell uses Fermentation

A

Lack ETC

No Oxygen for the Terminal Electron Acceptor

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51
Q

The steps that follow fermentation do what?

A

Oxidize NADH as a means to Regenerate NAD+

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52
Q

Exoenzymes are…

A

Enzymes that break down macromolecules

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53
Q

Glycerol is converted to a precursor metabolite called _____ which enters glycolysis

A

Dihydroxyacetone

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54
Q

Chlorophyll is green because it absorbs these colors of light.

A

Red and blue

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55
Q

Carotenoids are an example of these photosynthetic pigments that capture light energy not absorbed by chlorophylls

A

Accessory Pigments

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56
Q

Protein complexes in which chlorophyll and other light-gathering pigments are organized into…

A

Photosystems

57
Q

Light-dependt reactions produce

A

ATP

Reducing Power (NADPH or NADH)

58
Q

Electron donors in the photosynthetic process, an example is chlorophyll a

A

Reaction-center pigments

59
Q

What are the heart of light-dependant reactions

A

Photosystems

60
Q

Type of photophorylation in which electrons are returned directly to the chlorophyll; Phototrophs use this to synthesize ATP without generating reducing power

A

Cyclic photophosphorylation

61
Q

Type of photophosphorylation in which high-energy electrons are drawn off to generate reducing power; electrons must still be returned to chlorophyll, but they come from a source such as water.

A

Non-cycluc photophosphorylation

62
Q

Cells of the 2 main groups of anoxygenic bacteria-purple and green bacteria-
have how many photosystems?

Do they produce O² as a bi product?

A

1

No

63
Q

This stage in photosynthesis uses ATP & reducing power to synthesize organic compounds from CO²

A

Light independent reactionS

64
Q

Various pigments arranged in ________ capture radiant energy

A

Photosystems

65
Q

When ___________ pigments absorb that energy, high-energy electrons are emitted that are then passed along the _____________ to generate a Proton motive force, which is used to _________

A

Reaction-Center

ETC

Synthesize ATP

66
Q

______ & _______ use water as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating O²

A

Planta & cynobacteria

67
Q

Process that converts inorganic carbon (CO²) to an organic form

A

Carbon fixation

68
Q

Carbon fixation happens during which cycle?

A

Light-Independent

69
Q

Calvin Cycle happens where?

A

Stroma

70
Q

Where is the stroma located?

A

In the chloroplasts, surrounding the thylakoid membrane

71
Q

CO² combines with a 5 carbon molecule called _______ , which quickly splits into two, three carbon molecules called ________, which gets converted into ______

A

RuBP

3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

72
Q

What in the Calvin Cycle combine to make glucose

A

G3P

73
Q

The ______ is the most common pathway used to incorporate inorganic carbon into an organic form.

A

Calvin Cycle

74
Q

To produce fatty acids the ____ group of acetyl-CoA is transferred to a carrier protein. Carbon atoms are added 2 at a time until it is about 16 units long

A

Acetyl

75
Q

Many bacteria use _____ as their nitrogen source

A

Ammonium

76
Q

This amino acid is important because it provides a mechanism for bacteria to incorporate nitrogen into organic materials

A

Glutamate

77
Q

Alpha-ketoglutarate does what?

When is it produced?

A

When combined with ammonia it becomes Glutamate

TCA cycle

78
Q

Synthesis of aromatic amino acids involves _________

A

Branching Pathways

79
Q

In the ________ ETC, three different complex (I, III, IV) function as Proton Pumps

A

Mitochondrial

80
Q

Which process removes the amino group when proteins are broken down for energy?

A

Deanimation

81
Q

Photosynthesis depending on the organism, the process can be oxygenic or anoxygenic

True or False

A

True

82
Q

Is the Calvin Cycle involved in Carbon Fixing?

A

Yes

83
Q

The glycerol component of a lipid os synthesized from

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

84
Q

Process by which amino groups are removed from amino acids and transfered to acceptor keto-acids

A

Transamination

85
Q

G=t × n

What is this the formal for?

What do the letters represent?

A

Microbial Growth

Generation time= time × number of generations

86
Q

H. pylori in the stomach produces ______ to split H²O into CO² thus decreasing Acidity

A

Urease

87
Q

What is the destination for ribosomes attached to rough ER

A

Outside the cell

88
Q

Catabolic reactions are (endergonic or exergonic)

Anabolic reaction

A

Catabolic = exergonic

Anabolic = endergonic

89
Q

Dehydration reactions (synthesis) are this type of reaction

A

Anabolic/ endergonic

90
Q

Hydrolysis are these types of reactions

A

Catabolic/ exergonic

91
Q

Reactants on substrates —–>

A

Products

92
Q

These reactions contain more energy than the products and releases energy

A

Exergonic

93
Q

In these reactions the product contains more energy than the products and energy must be added

A

Endergonic

94
Q

Are coenzymes specific?

A

No

95
Q

10c rise in temp does what to the enzyme activity until optimum temperature is reached?

A

Doubles it

96
Q

Rapid growth range for enzymes

A

25c - 35c

97
Q

What controls activities of an enzyme?

A

Allosteric site

98
Q

Allosteric inhibition is an example of competitive or noncompetitive competition?

A

Non-competitive

99
Q

ATP goes to what do release energy?

A

ADP + P + ENERGY

100
Q

Energy made directly from catabolism is called

A

Substrate level Phosphorylation

101
Q

How many ATP produced from complete oxidation of glucose

A

36

102
Q

FAD + 2H —->

NAD + H —>

What is this called?

Respiration or photosynthesis

A

FADH² / NADH

Reduction

Respiration

103
Q

NADP + H —->

What is NADP

Respiration or photosynthesis

A

NADPH

Coenzyme

Photosynthesis

104
Q

In the ETC FADH² & NADH are _______
to produce ATP from ADP

A

Oxidized

105
Q

FADH² has enough energy to make _____ ATP when oxidized

NADH has enough energy to make _____ ATP when oxidized

What other molecule is made as a result?

A

2

3

H²O

106
Q

How many 3 carbon pyruvates are made from glucose

A

2

107
Q

Embdew-Meyerhoff-Parnas is aka

A

Glycolysis

108
Q

2 NADH & 2 ATP at substrate level Phosphorylation is the result of …

A

Glycolysis

109
Q

After glycolysis the Entner-Doudoroff pathway is for…

A

Bacteria

110
Q

This cycle

Removes the rest of the High Energy electrons & hydrogen from pyruvate

Attaches electrons & hydrogen to Co enzymes NAD & FAD to produce NADH & FADH²

Makes CO² from carbon in the pyruvates

A

TCA or kerbs or Citric Acid cycle

111
Q

This cycle removes electrons (Oxidizes) from NADH & FADH² to make ATP from oxidative Phosphorylation

The Hydrogen & electrons are then attached the the Terminal Electron Acceptor “Oxygen” to make H²O

A

ETC

112
Q

2 pyruvates (3 carbon)
2 NADH
2 ATP

From substrate level Phosphorylation

A

Glycolysis

113
Q

Transition step creates what 3 things?

This step allows for what?

A

Acetyl-CoA

CO²

NADH

Entry into the Kerbs cycle

114
Q

Which cycle is Anaerobic

A

Glycolysis

115
Q

What happens to NAD+ in glycolysis

A

It gets reduced to NADH

116
Q

Glycolysis takes place where?

A

Cytoplasm

117
Q

Which has higher energy NAD or FAD

A

NAD

118
Q

The kerbs cycle combines Acetyl-CoA 1.(how many carbons) and combines it with oxalo acetic 2.(how many carbons)

This forms a 3. ______ 4.(how many carbons?

  1. _____ CO² are formed from the Acetyl-CoA

6.Electrons are removed from from Acetyl-CoA reducing NAD & FAD forming?

  1. Coenzyme A is released to be used in…
A
  1. 2
  2. 4
  3. Citrate
    4.6
  4. 2
  5. 3 NADH & 1 FAD + ATP
  6. Transition Reaction
119
Q
  1. In the ETC the FADH² & NADH are oxidized and used to Reduce O² to _____
  2. What is the Terminal Electron Acceptor in ETC and what does it get turned into
A

1 H²O

  1. Oxygen H²O
120
Q

3 steps of aerobic respiration

Producing how many ATP

A

Glycolysis, Kerbs, ETC

36

121
Q
  1. Anaerobiclly these cycles can’t happens?
  2. (Fermentation of respiration) NADH + pyruvate—->
A
  1. Kerbs ETC
  2. Lactic acid + NAD
122
Q

Yeast makes this from fermentation

A

Ethyl alcohol + NAD + CO²

123
Q

Does the pentose phosphate pathway need oxygen?

A

No

124
Q

Anaerobic respiration uses what as the Terminal Electron Acceptor

A

Nitrogen or Sulfur

125
Q

NO³-

A

Nitrate

126
Q

NO²-

A

Nitrate

127
Q

N²O

A

Nitrous Oxide

128
Q

N²

A

Nitrogen gas

129
Q

SO⁴ (-²)

A

Sulfate

130
Q

H²S

A

Hydrogen sulfide gas

131
Q

Nitrifying bacteria turn ammonia to…

A

Nitrate

132
Q

Nitrifying bacteria turn NH³ + O² —>

A

NO²

133
Q

Nitrifying bacteria turn Nitrite to…

NO² + O² —>

A

Nitrate

NO³

134
Q

Sulfur bacteria (chemolithrotrops) turn H²S + 2O² & S + 1 1/2 + H²O to

A

H²SO⁴

135
Q

Hydrogen bacteria oxidize Hydrogen gas to

A

H²O

136
Q

Light dependent reactions produce NADPH from which process

A

Breaking of water

137
Q

Dark reactions reduce CO² to make

A

Glyceraldehyde (3 carbon) molecule

138
Q

How many Glyceraldehyde make 1 glucose

A

2

Pathogenic Microbiology (31 decks)

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