Chapter 6 Flashcards
Hydrolysis of the bonds between phosphate groups can be used to power endoergonic (energy-consuming) reactions.
Name the molecule
ATP
Metabolic process that stops short of oxidizing glucose or other organic compounds completely.
Using an organic intermediate as a terminal electron acceptor
Fermentation
Synthesis of ATP using the energy of a Proton Motive Force created by harvesting chemical energy; the enzyme ATP synthase catalyzed the reaction
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Synthesis of ATP using the energy of Proton Motive Force created by harvesting radiant energy
Photophosphorylation
Metabolic intermediates that link catabolic and anabolic pathways because they can either be broken down to generate ATP or used to make the subunits of macromolecules
Precursor Metabolites
Form of energy generated as an electron transport chain moves protons across a membrane to create a chemiosmotic gradient
Proton Motive force
Synthesis of ATP using the energy released in an exergonic (energy-releasing) chemical reaction during the breakdown of the energy source.
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
Chemical that is ultimately reduced as a consequence of fermentation or respiration
Terminal Electron Acceptor
_____ processes harvest the energy released during the breakdown of compounds and use it to make ATP
Catabolic
These processes synthesize and assemble subunits of macromolecules using ATP and precursor metabolites
Anabolic
_____ are compounds produced during catabolism that can either be further degraded or be used in anabolism to make subunits of macromolecules
Precursor metabolites
If the starting compound has more free energy that the products , energy is _____, and the reaction is said to be this type.
Released / Exergonic
If the products have more free energy that the starting compounds, the reaction requires an input of energy and is this type
Endergonic
Series of chemical reactions that convert a starting compound to an end product is called
Metabolic pathway
A substance on which an enzyme acts to form products
Substrate
How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction
By lowering the activation energy
Chemical Energy Source
The molecule that is (more/less) electronegativite will take the electron from another molecule.
This process releases energy the chemical that is the electron donor is called the __________ the chemical that accepts the electron is called the ________
More
Energy Source/ Terminal Electron Acceptor
Chemical that is ultimately reduced as a consequence of fermentation or respiration
Terminal electron acceptor
When an electron is transfered in a redox reaction what else is transferred?
What do you call this pair?
Proton (H+)
Electron & a Proton are called a Hydrogen Atom
Dehydrogenation is this part of a redox reaction
Hydrogenation is this part of a redox reaction
Oxidization
Reduction
The relative amount of energy to be gained by oxidizing a particular energy source can be predicted by considering _________
The electron affinity of the energy source ( electron donor) & terminal electron acceptor
NADH & FAD² transfer their electrons to ______ which uses the energy to generate Proton Motive Force
ETC
NADPH’s function is …
Reduced compounds in biosynthetic reactions
Glucose is _____ to produce ATP, reducing power (NADH, FADH²,NADPH) and precursor metabolites
Set of reactions called: _______
Oxidized
Central metabolic pathways
Transferring of electrons carried by NADH / FADH² to the ______________, which occurs as part of cellular respiration or fermentation
Terminal Electron Acceptor
Glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway; the transition step is often considered part of the TCA cycle
Are all considered this
Central metabolic pathways
This breaks down glucose for biosynthesis with reducing power in the form of NADPH
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Tricarboxylic acid cycle is aka…
Krebs / Citric Acid cycle
What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
Oxygen
What do fermentating cells use as a terminal electron acceptor
Peruvate
__________________is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. It generates NADPH and pentoses as well as ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides. While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic
The pentose phosphate pathway
Site on the enzyme where the substrate binds
Activation site
What changes shape when a substrate binds to the enzyme
The enzyme
Non-protein component required for the activity of some enzymes
Cofactor
Magnesium, zinc, copper and other trave elements often function as…
Cofactors
This is a secondary site on the enzyme which allow regulatory molecules to bind, thereby changing the active sites affinity for a substrate to increase or decrease.
Allosteric Regulltion
This type of enzyme inhibition uses the activation site so substrate cannot bind
Enzyme Inhibition where the Inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site
Competitive Inhibition
Non-Competitive
What are produced by a cell to regulate the activity of enzymes
Allosteric inhibitors
2 ATP (net) Substrate-level Phosphorylation
2 NADH + 2 H ±
Six different precursor metabolites
Glycolysis
NADPH + H+
two different precursor metabolites
This cycle generates
Pentose phosphate cycle
This step is repeated 2 times to oxidize 2 molecules of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
Generates
2 NADH + 2H+
one precursor metabolites
Transition step
This step is repeated twice to incorporate the two acetyl groups, generates:
2 ATP- substrate level Phosphorylation (may involve conversion of GTP)
2 Co2
6 NADH + 6H+
2 FADH²
Two different precursor metabolites
TCA cycle
Which central metabolic pathway produces the greatest number of different precursor metabolites?
Glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation has 2 Steps.
- The ETC uses the reducing power of ______ & _______ to generate Proton Motive Force
- The enzyme __________ uses energy from the Proton Motive Force to drive the synthesis of ATP
NADH & FADH²
ATP synthase
In prokaryotic cells the ETC is located in ….
Eukaryotic….
Cytoplasmic membrane
Mitochondria
The _____ is a series of membrane-embedded carries, that accepts electrons from NADH & FADH², passing those electrons to the next carrier.
The energy released pumps protons across the membrane, generating an electrochemical gradient called…
ETC
Proton motive force
3 types of carriers in the ETC
- Lipid-soluble electron carriers of the ETC
- Heme-containing proteins that carry electrons, usually as part of an electron transport chain
- This organic group synthesizes FAD and other flavins are synthesized from the vitamin riboflavin
- Quinones
- Cytochromes
- Flavoproteins
After protons pass through the membrane by the Proton pump they return back through the membrane by traveling through ________
ATP synthase
The movement of protons through the ATP synthase provides energy to turn ______ into ATP
ADP
2 reasons a cell uses Fermentation
Lack ETC
No Oxygen for the Terminal Electron Acceptor
The steps that follow fermentation do what?
Oxidize NADH as a means to Regenerate NAD+
Exoenzymes are…
Enzymes that break down macromolecules
Glycerol is converted to a precursor metabolite called _____ which enters glycolysis
Dihydroxyacetone
Chlorophyll is green because it absorbs these colors of light.
Red and blue
Carotenoids are an example of these photosynthetic pigments that capture light energy not absorbed by chlorophylls
Accessory Pigments
Protein complexes in which chlorophyll and other light-gathering pigments are organized into…
Photosystems
Light-dependt reactions produce
ATP
Reducing Power (NADPH or NADH)
Electron donors in the photosynthetic process, an example is chlorophyll a
Reaction-center pigments
What are the heart of light-dependant reactions
Photosystems
Type of photophorylation in which electrons are returned directly to the chlorophyll; Phototrophs use this to synthesize ATP without generating reducing power
Cyclic photophosphorylation
Type of photophosphorylation in which high-energy electrons are drawn off to generate reducing power; electrons must still be returned to chlorophyll, but they come from a source such as water.
Non-cycluc photophosphorylation
Cells of the 2 main groups of anoxygenic bacteria-purple and green bacteria-
have how many photosystems?
Do they produce O² as a bi product?
1
No
This stage in photosynthesis uses ATP & reducing power to synthesize organic compounds from CO²
Light independent reactionS
Various pigments arranged in ________ capture radiant energy
Photosystems
When ___________ pigments absorb that energy, high-energy electrons are emitted that are then passed along the _____________ to generate a Proton motive force, which is used to _________
Reaction-Center
ETC
Synthesize ATP
______ & _______ use water as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating O²
Planta & cynobacteria
Process that converts inorganic carbon (CO²) to an organic form
Carbon fixation
Carbon fixation happens during which cycle?
Light-Independent
Calvin Cycle happens where?
Stroma
Where is the stroma located?
In the chloroplasts, surrounding the thylakoid membrane
CO² combines with a 5 carbon molecule called _______ , which quickly splits into two, three carbon molecules called ________, which gets converted into ______
RuBP
3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
What in the Calvin Cycle combine to make glucose
G3P
The ______ is the most common pathway used to incorporate inorganic carbon into an organic form.
Calvin Cycle
To produce fatty acids the ____ group of acetyl-CoA is transferred to a carrier protein. Carbon atoms are added 2 at a time until it is about 16 units long
Acetyl
Many bacteria use _____ as their nitrogen source
Ammonium
This amino acid is important because it provides a mechanism for bacteria to incorporate nitrogen into organic materials
Glutamate
Alpha-ketoglutarate does what?
When is it produced?
When combined with ammonia it becomes Glutamate
TCA cycle
Synthesis of aromatic amino acids involves _________
Branching Pathways
In the ________ ETC, three different complex (I, III, IV) function as Proton Pumps
Mitochondrial
Which process removes the amino group when proteins are broken down for energy?
Deanimation
Photosynthesis depending on the organism, the process can be oxygenic or anoxygenic
True or False
True
Is the Calvin Cycle involved in Carbon Fixing?
Yes
The glycerol component of a lipid os synthesized from
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Process by which amino groups are removed from amino acids and transfered to acceptor keto-acids
Transamination
G=t × n
What is this the formal for?
What do the letters represent?
Microbial Growth
Generation time= time × number of generations
H. pylori in the stomach produces ______ to split H²O into CO² thus decreasing Acidity
Urease
What is the destination for ribosomes attached to rough ER
Outside the cell
Catabolic reactions are (endergonic or exergonic)
Anabolic reaction
Catabolic = exergonic
Anabolic = endergonic
Dehydration reactions (synthesis) are this type of reaction
Anabolic/ endergonic
Hydrolysis are these types of reactions
Catabolic/ exergonic
Reactants on substrates —–>
Products
These reactions contain more energy than the products and releases energy
Exergonic
In these reactions the product contains more energy than the products and energy must be added
Endergonic
Are coenzymes specific?
No
10c rise in temp does what to the enzyme activity until optimum temperature is reached?
Doubles it
Rapid growth range for enzymes
25c - 35c
What controls activities of an enzyme?
Allosteric site
Allosteric inhibition is an example of competitive or noncompetitive competition?
Non-competitive
ATP goes to what do release energy?
ADP + P + ENERGY
Energy made directly from catabolism is called
Substrate level Phosphorylation
How many ATP produced from complete oxidation of glucose
36
FAD + 2H —->
NAD + H —>
What is this called?
Respiration or photosynthesis
FADH² / NADH
Reduction
Respiration
NADP + H —->
What is NADP
Respiration or photosynthesis
NADPH
Coenzyme
Photosynthesis
In the ETC FADH² & NADH are _______
to produce ATP from ADP
Oxidized
FADH² has enough energy to make _____ ATP when oxidized
NADH has enough energy to make _____ ATP when oxidized
What other molecule is made as a result?
2
3
H²O
How many 3 carbon pyruvates are made from glucose
2
Embdew-Meyerhoff-Parnas is aka
Glycolysis
2 NADH & 2 ATP at substrate level Phosphorylation is the result of …
Glycolysis
After glycolysis the Entner-Doudoroff pathway is for…
Bacteria
This cycle
Removes the rest of the High Energy electrons & hydrogen from pyruvate
Attaches electrons & hydrogen to Co enzymes NAD & FAD to produce NADH & FADH²
Makes CO² from carbon in the pyruvates
TCA or kerbs or Citric Acid cycle
This cycle removes electrons (Oxidizes) from NADH & FADH² to make ATP from oxidative Phosphorylation
The Hydrogen & electrons are then attached the the Terminal Electron Acceptor “Oxygen” to make H²O
ETC
2 pyruvates (3 carbon)
2 NADH
2 ATP
From substrate level Phosphorylation
Glycolysis
Transition step creates what 3 things?
This step allows for what?
Acetyl-CoA
CO²
NADH
Entry into the Kerbs cycle
Which cycle is Anaerobic
Glycolysis
What happens to NAD+ in glycolysis
It gets reduced to NADH
Glycolysis takes place where?
Cytoplasm
Which has higher energy NAD or FAD
NAD
The kerbs cycle combines Acetyl-CoA 1.(how many carbons) and combines it with oxalo acetic 2.(how many carbons)
This forms a 3. ______ 4.(how many carbons?
- _____ CO² are formed from the Acetyl-CoA
6.Electrons are removed from from Acetyl-CoA reducing NAD & FAD forming?
- Coenzyme A is released to be used in…
- 2
- 4
- Citrate
4.6 - 2
- 3 NADH & 1 FAD + ATP
- Transition Reaction
- In the ETC the FADH² & NADH are oxidized and used to Reduce O² to _____
- What is the Terminal Electron Acceptor in ETC and what does it get turned into
1 H²O
- Oxygen H²O
3 steps of aerobic respiration
Producing how many ATP
Glycolysis, Kerbs, ETC
36
- Anaerobiclly these cycles can’t happens?
- (Fermentation of respiration) NADH + pyruvate—->
- Kerbs ETC
- Lactic acid + NAD
Yeast makes this from fermentation
Ethyl alcohol + NAD + CO²
Does the pentose phosphate pathway need oxygen?
No
Anaerobic respiration uses what as the Terminal Electron Acceptor
Nitrogen or Sulfur
NO³-
Nitrate
NO²-
Nitrate
N²O
Nitrous Oxide
N²
Nitrogen gas
SO⁴ (-²)
Sulfate
H²S
Hydrogen sulfide gas
Nitrifying bacteria turn ammonia to…
Nitrate
Nitrifying bacteria turn NH³ + O² —>
NO²
Nitrifying bacteria turn Nitrite to…
NO² + O² —>
Nitrate
NO³
Sulfur bacteria (chemolithrotrops) turn H²S + 2O² & S + 1 1/2 + H²O to
H²SO⁴
Hydrogen bacteria oxidize Hydrogen gas to
H²O
Light dependent reactions produce NADPH from which process
Breaking of water
Dark reactions reduce CO² to make
Glyceraldehyde (3 carbon) molecule
How many Glyceraldehyde make 1 glucose
2
