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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 55 > Flashcards

Chapter 55 Flashcards

Ecosystem Ecology

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1
Q

________________ focuses on the biological community plus the abiotic components in a particular area

A

ecosystem ecology

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2
Q

ecosystem ecology focuses on three things

A
  • primary production
  • energy flow
  • nutrient cycling
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3
Q

________________ refers to the chemical energy of food molecules generated by autotrophs, derived from fixation of CO2 during photosynthesis

A

primary production

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4
Q

primary production is the food source for _______________

A

all organisms

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5
Q

___________________ is the total amount of carbon fixation by autotrophs in an ecosystem

A

gross primary production GPP

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6
Q

______________ use approximately half of carbon fixed photosynthesis for cellular respiration, mainintainting their tissues, and organs

A

autotrophs

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7
Q

the remaining chemical energy not used by autotrophs is ___________________

A

net primary production

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8
Q

net primary production represents _______________ by an autrotroph

A

biomass gained

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9
Q

__________________ is left over for the consumption by herbivores and decomposers

A

net primary production

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10
Q

net primary production NPP is the ______________________________ of an ecosystem

A

dominant measure of productivity

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11
Q

NPP is controlled by ________________ in terrestrial ecosystems

A

climate

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12
Q

___________ affects photosynthetic enzymes. at ____________ NPP increases. at _______________ npp may decrease if the photosynthetic enzymes are denatures

A

temperature
high
very high

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13
Q

water affect photosynthesis vi athe opening and closing of _____________________

A

stomata

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14
Q

as precipitation increases, npp _____________. with very high precipitation npp ________________ because of cloud cover and less sunlight

A

increase

decrease

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15
Q

net primary production (NPP) is controlled by _______________________ in aquatic ecosystems

A

nutrient availibility

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16
Q

_____________ limits NPP in lakes and ponds

A

phosphorus

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17
Q

net primary production NPP is usually low in ___________________. because the majority of energy is derived from terrestrial organic matter

A

river and streams

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18
Q

net primary production varries greatly in ______________________.

A

marine ecosystems

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19
Q

marine ecosystems :

________________________ are very productive NPP

A

kelp forests and coral reefs

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20
Q

________________ limit NPP in the open ocean

A

nitrogen and iron

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21
Q

______________ of global NPP is attributed to terrestrial ecosystems. _______________ of global npp is attributed to marine ecosystems

A

54

46

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22
Q

the average rate of NPP is much greater on Land however ______________________________________

A

the two are nearly equal due to the large area that oceans cover

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23
Q

the highest rates of NPP on land are found in the ________________________ because they have _________________ temperatures

A

tropics

high

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24
Q

________________ accounts for high amounts of oceanic NPP in relation to their limited area

A

coastal zone

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25
Q

the ______________ accounts for the majority of NPP due to its massive volume

A

open oceans

26
Q

trophic interactions are _________________ that link organisms in an ecosystem on what they eat and what eats them

A

feeding relationships

27
Q

each _________ is based on the number of steps by which it is seperated from the autotrophs in an ecosystem

A

trophic level

28
Q

______________ are diagrammatic representations of trophic interactions

A

food chains

29
Q

dead organic matter ______________ and wastes _______________ are consumed by ______________ during the process of decomposition

A

detritus
feces
detrivores (decomposers)

30
Q

energy flow through an ecosystem

A

solar energy -> chemical energy within organisms -> heat energy

31
Q

___________________ is a measure of how much chemical energy in one trophic level makes it to the next trophic level

A

trophic efficiency

32
Q

trophic efficiency consists of

A
  • consumption efficiency
  • assimilation efficiency
  • production efficiency
33
Q

______________ measure how much energy one trophic level is consumed by the next trophic level

A

consumption efficiency

34
Q

comsuption efficiency ranges from _______________

the rest of the energy is not eaten

A

5-50%

35
Q

all _________________________ may not be consumed by herbivores due to
the autotrophs chemical and physical defenses
-nutrient poor components like wood compared to nutrient rich like like leaves

A

autotrophic energy (NPP first trophic level)

36
Q

_______________________ measure how much energy is incorporated into the next trophic level (by ingestion and absoprtion) to be used for maintenance and defense

A

assimilation efficiency

37
Q

assimilation efficiency ranges from

A

20-80%

38
Q

the energy that is not assimilated is lost as ___________

A

waste-feces

39
Q

assimilation efficiency is _____________ in carnivores than in herbivores. Plant matter contains indigestible material such as cellulose and lignin. whereas animals have the same carbon to nitrogen ratio as carnivores consuming them so they can be assimilated more

A

greater

40
Q

________________ measures how much energy from one trophic level goes into the production of new biomass at the next trophic level

A

production efficiency

41
Q

production efficiency ranges from ________________________. The rest is lost as _________________ during cellular respiration

A

1-50%

heat

42
Q

production efficiency is _____________ in ectotherms than in endotherms because endothernms produce more heat during metabolism

A

greater

43
Q

trophic efficiency =

A

consumption efficiency * assimilation efficiency * production efficiency

44
Q

trophic efficiency ranges from ________________ averge efficiency

A

1-20%

10%

45
Q

the amount of energy available to the organisms at each level in a food chain can be represented as an ______________

A

energy pyramid

46
Q

there are rarely more than _______________ because ________ of energy is lost at each trophic level and there is not enough trophic energy to support additional levels

A

4-5 trophic levels

90%

47
Q

____________________ diagram the trophic interactions within an ecosystem. They are more realistc than food chains because they are more complex

A

food webs

48
Q

_______________________ have a greater influence on energy flow and ecosystem composition than their abundance or biomass might suggest. They tend to be ________________

A

keystone species

carnivores

49
Q

_______________ have a large effect on energy flow and ecosystem composition due to their abundance or biomass. Tend to be __________________

A

dominant species

autotrophs

50
Q

nutrients are ________________________

A

recycled within an ecosystem

51
Q

_____________ is the study of this cycling of nutrients

A

biogeochemistry

52
Q

_________________ involves biological, geological, and chemical components

A

biogeochemistry

53
Q

nutrients in pools:

A

flush back and forth to accomplish this cycling

54
Q

the _________________ are the two largest pools of water

A

oceans and water vapor

55
Q

water fluxes between pools by way of _________________

A

evaporation and condensation

56
Q

_______________ are the two largest pools of carbon

A
  • atmosphere CO2

- organic carbon in organisms

57
Q

carbon fluxes between these two pools by

A

-photosynthesis and cellular respiration

58
Q

_________________________ are the two largest pools of nitrogen

A
  • atmosphere

- nitrogen in organisms

59
Q

nitrogen fluxes between these two pools by _______________

A

nitrogen fixation

60
Q

_________________ are the two largest pools of phorphorus

A
  • rock/soil

- phosphorus stored in organsism

61
Q

phosphorus ifluxes between these pools by

A

decomposition

erosion/ uplifting

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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