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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 34 > Flashcards

Chapter 34 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the four characteristics of a chordate

A
  • dorsal hollow nerve cord
  • notochord
  • pharyngeal gill slits
  • muscular post anal tail
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2
Q

______________________: runs along the length of the chordate (anterior to posterior) on the dorsal side. Eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord

A

-dorsal hollow nerve cord

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3
Q

-dorsal hollow nerve cord become the ______________ in vertebrates

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

____________________: a flexible supporting rod that rubs the length of the chordate, between the dorsal hollow nerve cord and the digestive tract. Forms part of the vertebral column

A

notochord

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5
Q

the notochord forms part of the _________________ in vertebrates

A

vertebral column

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6
Q

_________________ slits in the pharynx that developed into gas openings for gas exchange. Only seen in embryonic development in terrestrial vertebrates

A

pharyngeal slits

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7
Q

pharyngeal slits only are seen during ______________f or terrestrial vertebrates

A

embryonic development

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8
Q

__________________________ tail posterior to the completion of the digestive tract (anus) only seen during embryonic development of apes

A

muscular post anal tail

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9
Q

muscular post anal tail only seen during ________________ in _________________

A

embryonic development

apes (including humans )

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10
Q

__________________ are sessile marine filter feeders. Little resemblance to other chordates as adults. But the larvae stage possess all four chordate characteristics.

A

tunicates

urochordata

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11
Q

the only of the 4 characteristics maintain in the adult form of a tunicate

A

gill slits

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12
Q

tunicates are

A

urochordata

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13
Q

_______________ are free swimming marine filter feeders. They exhibit all 4 characteristics throughout their life

A

lancelets

Cephalochordate

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14
Q

__________________ means jawless mouth

A

agathans

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15
Q

__________________ means jawed mouth

A

gnathostomes

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16
Q

_______________________ the earliest vertebrate group. Possess a skull but no vertebral column. Marine Savenger. Skull made of cartilage

A

hagfish myxioidea

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17
Q

a hag fish is a

A

myxioidea

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18
Q

myxioidea has a skull made of ______________

A

cartilage

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19
Q

myxioidea have a protective structure called a _________________

A

slime poors

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20
Q

_________________ the very first vertebrates to possess a vertebral column. The skull an vertebral column as still made of cartilage. They are aquatic and ectoparasite.

A

lampreys, petromyzotoidea

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21
Q

lampreys are ______________________

A

petromyzotoidea

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22
Q

___________________ suck the blood of other fish

A

ectoparasites

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23
Q

the skull and vertebral column are still made of __________________ in petromyzotoidea

A

cartilage

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24
Q

_________________________________ the skull of vertebral column are still made of cartilage. The first vertebrates to possess jaws. Also possess appendages

A

cartilaginous fishes, chondrichthyes

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25
Q

______________ are first derived from ________________ of the cartilaginous fish jawless ancestors

A

jaws

gil slits

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26
Q

the first appendages in chondrichthyes

A

-two pectoral and two pelvic fins for swimming

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27
Q

________________ only had ___________________________

A

a single dorsal fin and a single ventral fin

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28
Q

cartilaginous fish include: (2)

A
  • sharks: active predators

- rays: predaceous grazers

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29
Q

cartilaginous are mostly ___________________ with few ____________

A

marine

freshwater

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30
Q

__________________________ the largest vertebrates group. Half of all vertebrates. marine and freshwater. the first vertebrates to possess a skull and vertebral column with calcium salt

A

ray finned fish actinopterygii

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31
Q

ray finned fish are __________________________

A

actinopterygii

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32
Q

_____________________ mineralized skelton of calcium salts

A

bone

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33
Q

first bony fish

A

actinopterygii

34
Q

new innovation of bony fish:

A
  1. a bony operculum

2. swim bladder

35
Q

_______________ covering the gills. deaths whether th fish is swimming or not in order to pass water over gills.

A

bony operculum

36
Q

how did cartilaginous fish function without a bony operculum

A

they have to swim to push water over gills and therefore breath

37
Q

___________________ a gas filled sac that enables the fish to maintain its buoyancy

A

swim bladder

38
Q

how does a cartilaginous affected by not having a swim bladder

A

it sinks in they stop swimming

39
Q

_____________________ fins are more fleshy muscular than those of ray finned fish. are important group in the transition from aquatic to terrestrial. Marine.

A

lobe finned fish

actinistia and dipnoi

40
Q

lobe finned fishes _________________________

A

actinistia and dipnoi

41
Q

______________ lungfish. freshwater. possess both gill and lungs. a new trait enabling the transition to land

A

dipnoi

42
Q

______________________ lungfish that are marine and known as coelacanths

A

actinistia

43
Q

______________________ the earliest tetrapods. The first terrestrial vertebrates.

A

amphibia. amphibians

44
Q

the four legs with four feet: __________________________ of amphibians of ambitions aquatic ancestor were modified into the forelimbs and hind legs

A

pelvic and pectoral fins

45
Q

amphibians are _____________

A

amphibians

46
Q

___________________ means dual life

A

amphibian

47
Q

amphibians are still contained to _________________

A

water

  • they ley eggs in water to prevent desiccation
  • the larvae develop in water as tadpoles
  • adult skin stays moist for respiration
48
Q

amphibians lay eggs in _________________________ for _______________

A

water to prevent desiccation

49
Q

amphibian larvae are ____________

A

tadpoles

50
Q

adult amphibians must have __________________f or ________________ in their __________________

A

moist skin
gas exchange
primitive lungs

51
Q

examples of amphibians

A

frogs and salamanders

52
Q

________________ is made of reptiles and mammals

A

amniotes

53
Q

_______________ are amniotes, possessing an amniotic egg. they have skin in form of waterproof scales.
consist of extant and extinct groups.

A

reptiles

54
Q

amniotes possess a _____________

A

abiotic egg, encloses the pond so that reptiles are freed from constant of water for reproduction

55
Q

an amniotic egg contains _______________________________

A
  • outer shell

- four inner membranous sacs

56
Q

the 4 membranes in amniotic egg

A

-yolk sac
-albumen
-allantois
chorion

57
Q

___________ contains the embryo in an amniotic egg

A

amnion

58
Q

________________ contains nutrients in a amniotic egg

A

yolk sac

59
Q

_________________ contains waste in a amniotic egg

A

allantois

60
Q

__________________ alllows for gas exchange in a amniotic egg

A

chorion

61
Q

________________ provide water for amniotic egg

A

albumen

62
Q

because water is not necessary for respiration in reptiles their __________________________

A

lungs are fully developed

63
Q

reptiles are scales to prevent __________________

A

desiccation

64
Q

reptile clade consist of__________extant species

A 
4
testudinia- turtles 
leidosauria-lizards and snakes
crocodillia- crocodile and alligators
aves-birds
65
Q

extinct dinosaurs also belong to reptile they are most closely related to ______

A

aves

66
Q

birds are reptiles modifies for _________________

A

flight

67
Q

in birds forelimb is modified into -_________

A

wings

68
Q

in birds scales are modified into ____________

A

feathers

69
Q

in birds the sternum is modified into a _____________________ for powerful flight muscles

A

keel

70
Q

reduction if weight of birds

A
  • honeycomb bones

- absense of teeth and bladder

71
Q

birds are _____________________ for flight energy costs

A

endotherms

72
Q

___________________ possess mammary glands.

A

Mammals, mammalia

73
Q

two key mammal characteristics

A
  • mammary glands

- hair

74
Q

birds and mammals are _________________

A

endothermic

75
Q

three groups of mammals

A
  • monotremes
  • marsupials
  • eutherians
76
Q

______________ earliest mammals, they lay eggs like reptiles. Ex- platypus

A

monotremes

77
Q

marsupials replace the __________________ with a ______________

A

amniotic egg and placenta

78
Q

________________ is an internal vascular connection between mother and fetus

A

placenta

79
Q

in marsupials the placental stage is _________

A

short

80
Q

in marsupials offspring are born very young and complete their development while nursing within ___________________

A

mothers pouch

81
Q

in mammals ______________ have a much longer placental stage. The largest group of mammals

A

eutherians

82
Q

largest eutherian

A

rodents

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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