Chapter 34 Flashcards
what are the four characteristics of a chordate
- dorsal hollow nerve cord
- notochord
- pharyngeal gill slits
- muscular post anal tail
______________________: runs along the length of the chordate (anterior to posterior) on the dorsal side. Eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord
-dorsal hollow nerve cord
-dorsal hollow nerve cord become the ______________ in vertebrates
brain and spinal cord
____________________: a flexible supporting rod that rubs the length of the chordate, between the dorsal hollow nerve cord and the digestive tract. Forms part of the vertebral column
notochord
the notochord forms part of the _________________ in vertebrates
vertebral column
_________________ slits in the pharynx that developed into gas openings for gas exchange. Only seen in embryonic development in terrestrial vertebrates
pharyngeal slits
pharyngeal slits only are seen during ______________f or terrestrial vertebrates
embryonic development
__________________________ tail posterior to the completion of the digestive tract (anus) only seen during embryonic development of apes
muscular post anal tail
muscular post anal tail only seen during ________________ in _________________
embryonic development
apes (including humans )
__________________ are sessile marine filter feeders. Little resemblance to other chordates as adults. But the larvae stage possess all four chordate characteristics.
tunicates
urochordata
the only of the 4 characteristics maintain in the adult form of a tunicate
gill slits
tunicates are
urochordata
_______________ are free swimming marine filter feeders. They exhibit all 4 characteristics throughout their life
lancelets
Cephalochordate
__________________ means jawless mouth
agathans
__________________ means jawed mouth
gnathostomes
_______________________ the earliest vertebrate group. Possess a skull but no vertebral column. Marine Savenger. Skull made of cartilage
hagfish myxioidea
a hag fish is a
myxioidea
myxioidea has a skull made of ______________
cartilage
myxioidea have a protective structure called a _________________
slime poors
_________________ the very first vertebrates to possess a vertebral column. The skull an vertebral column as still made of cartilage. They are aquatic and ectoparasite.
lampreys, petromyzotoidea
lampreys are ______________________
petromyzotoidea
___________________ suck the blood of other fish
ectoparasites
the skull and vertebral column are still made of __________________ in petromyzotoidea
cartilage
_________________________________ the skull of vertebral column are still made of cartilage. The first vertebrates to possess jaws. Also possess appendages
cartilaginous fishes, chondrichthyes
______________ are first derived from ________________ of the cartilaginous fish jawless ancestors
jaws
gil slits
the first appendages in chondrichthyes
-two pectoral and two pelvic fins for swimming
________________ only had ___________________________
a single dorsal fin and a single ventral fin
cartilaginous fish include: (2)
- sharks: active predators
- rays: predaceous grazers
cartilaginous are mostly ___________________ with few ____________
marine
freshwater
__________________________ the largest vertebrates group. Half of all vertebrates. marine and freshwater. the first vertebrates to possess a skull and vertebral column with calcium salt
ray finned fish actinopterygii
ray finned fish are __________________________
actinopterygii
_____________________ mineralized skelton of calcium salts
bone
first bony fish
actinopterygii
new innovation of bony fish:
- a bony operculum
2. swim bladder
_______________ covering the gills. deaths whether th fish is swimming or not in order to pass water over gills.
bony operculum
how did cartilaginous fish function without a bony operculum
they have to swim to push water over gills and therefore breath
___________________ a gas filled sac that enables the fish to maintain its buoyancy
swim bladder
how does a cartilaginous affected by not having a swim bladder
it sinks in they stop swimming
_____________________ fins are more fleshy muscular than those of ray finned fish. are important group in the transition from aquatic to terrestrial. Marine.
lobe finned fish
actinistia and dipnoi
lobe finned fishes _________________________
actinistia and dipnoi
______________ lungfish. freshwater. possess both gill and lungs. a new trait enabling the transition to land
dipnoi
______________________ lungfish that are marine and known as coelacanths
actinistia
______________________ the earliest tetrapods. The first terrestrial vertebrates.
amphibia. amphibians
the four legs with four feet: __________________________ of amphibians of ambitions aquatic ancestor were modified into the forelimbs and hind legs
pelvic and pectoral fins
amphibians are _____________
amphibians
___________________ means dual life
amphibian
amphibians are still contained to _________________
water
- they ley eggs in water to prevent desiccation
- the larvae develop in water as tadpoles
- adult skin stays moist for respiration
amphibians lay eggs in _________________________ for _______________
water to prevent desiccation
amphibian larvae are ____________
tadpoles
adult amphibians must have __________________f or ________________ in their __________________
moist skin
gas exchange
primitive lungs
examples of amphibians
frogs and salamanders
________________ is made of reptiles and mammals
amniotes
_______________ are amniotes, possessing an amniotic egg. they have skin in form of waterproof scales.
consist of extant and extinct groups.
reptiles
amniotes possess a _____________
abiotic egg, encloses the pond so that reptiles are freed from constant of water for reproduction
an amniotic egg contains _______________________________
- outer shell
- four inner membranous sacs
the 4 membranes in amniotic egg
-yolk sac
-albumen
-allantois
chorion
___________ contains the embryo in an amniotic egg
amnion
________________ contains nutrients in a amniotic egg
yolk sac
_________________ contains waste in a amniotic egg
allantois
__________________ alllows for gas exchange in a amniotic egg
chorion
________________ provide water for amniotic egg
albumen
because water is not necessary for respiration in reptiles their __________________________
lungs are fully developed
reptiles are scales to prevent __________________
desiccation
reptile clade consist of__________extant species
4 testudinia- turtles leidosauria-lizards and snakes crocodillia- crocodile and alligators aves-birds
extinct dinosaurs also belong to reptile they are most closely related to ______
aves
birds are reptiles modifies for _________________
flight
in birds forelimb is modified into -_________
wings
in birds scales are modified into ____________
feathers
in birds the sternum is modified into a _____________________ for powerful flight muscles
keel
reduction if weight of birds
- honeycomb bones
- absense of teeth and bladder
birds are _____________________ for flight energy costs
endotherms
___________________ possess mammary glands.
Mammals, mammalia
two key mammal characteristics
- mammary glands
- hair
birds and mammals are _________________
endothermic
three groups of mammals
- monotremes
- marsupials
- eutherians
______________ earliest mammals, they lay eggs like reptiles. Ex- platypus
monotremes
marsupials replace the __________________ with a ______________
amniotic egg and placenta
________________ is an internal vascular connection between mother and fetus
placenta
in marsupials the placental stage is _________
short
in marsupials offspring are born very young and complete their development while nursing within ___________________
mothers pouch
in mammals ______________ have a much longer placental stage. The largest group of mammals
eutherians
largest eutherian
rodents
