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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

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1
Q

___________________ is the study of the structure of living organisms and how all of an organisms body parts relate to each other

A

anatomy

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2
Q

___________________ is the study of the function of living organisms and the mechanisms by which all of the body parts work.

A

physiology

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3
Q

_________________ reflects _________________

A

function, structure

what a body part can do depends on its form

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4
Q

physical laws impose ________________________antomy in its particular enviroment

A

constraints on an animals

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5
Q

Physiology is affected by _____________

A

physical laws

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6
Q

_________________ of unrelated animals represents adaptation by way of natural selection to these enviromental constraints

A

convergent evolution

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7
Q

animal anatomy and physiology are organized into a _________________________

A

structural and functional hierarchy

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8
Q

what is the animal structural and functional hierarchy

A
  • organism
  • organ system
  • organs
  • tissue
  • cells
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9
Q

all animal cells form _____________________ within its body

A

4 tissue types

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10
Q

4 tissue types

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
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11
Q

_________________ covers the body’s outer surface and lines its internal cavities

A

epithelial

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12
Q

____________________ binds and supports the body’s organs

A

connective tissue

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13
Q

_______________________ enables movement

A

muscle tissue

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14
Q

____________ enables communication among the bodys organs

A

nervous tissue

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15
Q

general location of epidermis

A

covers the body surface and lines the bodys internal cavities

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16
Q

two general functions of epithelial tissue

A
  • protection

- passage of substances

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17
Q

in epithelial tissue their are rows of cells

A

held tightly together with little extracellular matrix

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18
Q

_____________ distinct cell surfaces

A

polarity

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19
Q

________________ upper surface is exposed to external enviroment or to internal cavity

A

apical surface

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20
Q

_______________________ lower surface attaches to basment membrane

A

basal surface

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21
Q

______________ surfaces to join to neighboring cells

A

lateral side surfaces

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22
Q

epithelial tissue is allows attached to underlaying ________________

A

connective tissue

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23
Q

______________________ is the boundary between the epithelial and connective tissue

A

basement membrane

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24
Q

epithelial tissue is ______________ meaning no blood vessels.

A

avascular

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25
Q

epithelial tissue receives its nutrients from ________________________

A

underlaying connective tissue

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26
Q

because of the location of epidermal cells, much _________________ occurs to ______________

A

cell division, replace lost cells

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27
Q

epithelial tissue is classified by 2 things

A
  • shape of cell

- layering of cells

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28
Q

___________________ in epithelial tissue has just one layer of cells

A

simple epithelial

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29
Q

_____________________ epithelium has multiple cell layer

A

stratified epithelial tissue

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30
Q

_________ are flattened epithelial cell

A

squamos cells

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31
Q

________________ are cub shaped cells

A

cuboidal cells

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32
Q

________________ are tall and ellongated

A

collumnar cells

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33
Q

_____________________ and ________________ are location of simple squamos epithelium

A 
air sacs (alveoli) of lungs
-blood vessel linning
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34
Q

____________________________ lining the inside of the blood vessels

A

endothelium

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35
Q

____________________ internal space of a hollow organ

A

lumen

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36
Q

___________________________ a single layer of box shaped cells used for secretion and absorbtion

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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37
Q

___________________ is a location of simple cubiodal epithelium

A

kidney tubules

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38
Q

_______________________ a single layer of tall elongated cells. may contain cilia on the apical surface. The function is absorbtion and secretion of mucus

A

simple collumnar epithelium

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39
Q

_____________________________________ are location of simple columnar epithelium

A

digestive tract

uterine tubes

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40
Q

________________ a single layer of columnar cells of different heights. All tough the basement membrane but only the tallest reach the apical surface. often possess cillia. may function in preotection and secretion of mucus

A

psedostratified columnar epithelium

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41
Q

______________________ are location of pseudostratidies columnar epithelium

A

larynx, trachea, and bronchi

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42
Q

__________________ multiple layers of cells. Apical cells. maycontain durable protein, keratin. protects against abrasion

A

stratified squamos epithelium

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43
Q

______________________ are location of stratified squamos epithelum

A

digestive tract and epidermis of skin

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44
Q

stratified squamos epithelum contains ______________ a waterproofing protein

A

keratin

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45
Q

_________________________ is located everywhere in the body and is the most abundant tissue type

A

general location

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46
Q

the general function of connective tissue are ________________________

A

connect body structure and protection, storage, and transport

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47
Q

3 types of connective tissue

A
  • connective tissue proper
  • supporting connective tissue
  • fluid connective tissue
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48
Q

2 type of connective tissue proper

A
  • loose connective tissue

- dense connective tissue

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49
Q

3 supporting connective tissues

A
  • adipose tissue
  • cartilage
  • bone
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50
Q

1 fluid connective tissue

A

-blood

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51
Q

2 components of connective tissue

A

cells and extracellular matrix

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52
Q

________________ are widely seperated and produce extra cellular matrix

A

cells of connective tissue

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53
Q

___________________ the majority of the connective tissue. Responsible for the binding properties of the tissue. nonliving. made of fibers and ground substance

A

extracellular matrix

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54
Q

______________________ are name for which they belong

A

connective tissue cells

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55
Q

____________________ belong to connective tissue proper

A

fibroblasts

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56
Q

______________________ belong to adipose tissue

A

adiposecytes

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57
Q

______________ belong to cartilage

A

chondrocytes

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58
Q

_________________ belong to bone

A

osteocytes

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59
Q

___________________ are blood cells

A

erythrucytes and leukocytes

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60
Q

____________________ made of collagen. The largest ,most abundant fibers. Flexable but strong and resistant

A

collagen fibers

61
Q

____________________ made of protein collagen. small branching fibers. flexibility and elasticity intermediate between collagen and elastic fibers

A

reticulate fibers

62
Q

___________________ fills the space between connective tissue cells and fibers. contains water and dissolved solutes. GLues tissues together

A

ground substance

63
Q

ground substance is a _________________________________

A

viscous interstitial fluid

64
Q

_________________ a type of connective tissue with fewer fibers and more ground substance

A

loose connective tissue

65
Q

_________________ a type of connective tissue with fewer fibers and more ground substance

A

loose connective tissue

66
Q

_____________________ a type of connective tissue with

more fibers, less ground substance

A

fibrous connective tissue

67
Q

____________________ is the loose arrangement of fibroblasts and fibers with much ground substance

A

loose connective tissue

68
Q

functions of loose connective tissue

A
  • binding and support

- typical connective tissue

69
Q

connective tissue cells

A

fibroblasts

70
Q

type of fibers in connective

A
  • collagen
  • elastic
  • reticulate
71
Q

locations of loose connective tissue

A
  • everywhere in the body
  • often the connective tissue that underlies epithelial tissue
  • surrounds nerves and blood vessels
72
Q

__________________ collagen fibers only. Densely paccked fibers run parallel to each other. The function in resisting stres.

A

fibrous connective tissue

73
Q

locations of fibrous connective tissue

A
  • ligaments
  • tendons
  • dermis
74
Q

two types of connective tissue proper

A
  • loose connective proper

- dense connective proper

75
Q

_____________________ A CLOSELY PACKED CONNECTIVE TISSUE. little extracellular matrix.

A

adipose tissue

76
Q

_________________ are cells in adipose tissue. composed primarily of a fat droplet.

A

adipocytes

77
Q

3 functions of adipose tissue

A
  • storage
  • insulation
  • cushioning of organs
78
Q

2 locations of adipose tissue

A
  • under skin

- surrround organs: eyes, heart, kidneys

79
Q

________________________ the extracellular matric consist of collagen and elastic fibers plus a firm semisolid ground substance

A

supporting connective tissue- cartilage

80
Q

the cartilage cells: ___________ in ______________

A

condrocytes, lacunae

81
Q

____________ is the only avascular connective tissue

A

avascular

82
Q

function of cartilage

A

support with flexibility

83
Q

locations of cartilage

A
  • ends of bones
  • knees
  • vertaebral discs
  • between ribs and sternum
  • respiratory system
  • ears
  • nose
  • entire skeleton of cartilagenous fish, lampreyy, hagfishes
84
Q

_________________ is made of collagen fibers only. calcium salts within the matrix make it hard.

A

bone

85
Q

(bone cells) _____________ reside in _______________

A

osteocytes in lacunae

86
Q

bone is arranged ________________

A

cylindrical as osteons.

87
Q

bone is ________

A

vascular

88
Q

blood vessel run through each osteons _____________________

A

central canal

89
Q

3 functions of bone

A
  • support
  • protection
  • blood cell production
90
Q

_____________ fluid connective tissue

A

blood

91
Q

3 cells of blood

A
  • erthyrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • platelets (cell fragments)
92
Q

the bloods matrix is _______________

A

all ground dubstance no fibers

93
Q

names for bloods ground substance

A

plasma

94
Q

general location of muscle tissue

A

muscles and hollow organs

95
Q

_________________ tissue used for movement. It is highly cellular and vascular

A

muscle tissue

96
Q

________________ is a type of muscle tissue in which the cells are long and mutinucleate that contain straitions

A

skeletal muscles

97
Q

skeltal muscle is ________________

A

volluntary and striated

98
Q

functions of skeletal muscles

A
  • movement and resist movement

- manipulation of enviroment

99
Q

location of skeletal muscle tissue

A

attached to bones

100
Q

________________ is a single muscle cell

A

muscle fiber

101
Q

_______________ is a type of muscle tissue that is shorter, branched, uninucleate with visable striation. involntary.

A

cardiac muscle

102
Q

adjacent cardia muslce cells connect to each other at ____________________

A

intercalated discs

103
Q

function and location of cardiac muscles

A

pumps the heat to propel blood. located in heart walls

104
Q

______________ short tapered, uninucleate cells that lack striation. involuntary

A

smooth muscle

105
Q

function of smooth muscle

A

to propel substance through an organ’s internal passageways. through the lumens.

106
Q

location of smooth muscle

A

hollow organ walls

107
Q

location of nervous tissue

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

108
Q

___________________e enables communication amond bodys organs by trasmitting electrical impulses. recieves sensory imput. controls motor output.

A

nervous tissue

109
Q

________________ large less numeros cells

A

neurons

110
Q

part of neuron: a central ______________ houses nucleus

A

cell body

111
Q

part of neuron: multiple short ____________________ receive incoming impulses

A

dendrites

112
Q

part of neuron: ____________________________ sends out ongoing impulses

A

axon

113
Q

_________________ smaller more numerous cells that provide support for neurons

A

glial

114
Q

__________ consist of two or more types of tissue. usually all 4 types of tissue

A

organs

115
Q

organs form _____________________ within the animals body

A

11 organ systems

116
Q 
What organ system is composed of: 
-mouth 
-esophagus 
-liver
-stomach 
small and large intestine 
-anus and rectum
A

digestive system

117
Q

What organ system is composed of:

  • heart
  • blood vessels
A

circulatory system

118
Q 
What organ system is composed of: 
-nasal cavity 
pharynx
-trchae
-lung
-bronchea
A

respiratory system

119
Q

What organ system is composed of:

  • red bone marrow
  • thymus
  • luympatic vessels
  • lymph nodes
A

immune system/ lypatic system

120
Q

What organ system is composed of:

  • kidneny
  • uretrers
  • blatter
A

excretory system

121
Q

What organ system is composed of:

  • thyroid gland
  • thymus
  • pancrus
  • ovary
  • testis
  • glands
A

endocrine glands

122
Q 
What organ system is composed of: 
-penis 
-testis
prostate
scrotum 
-mamary gladns
-ovary
-uterine tube
-uterus
-vagina
A

reproductive system

123
Q

What organ system is composed of:

  • brain
  • nerves
  • spinal cord
A

nervous system

124
Q

What organ system is composed of:

  • hair
  • skin
  • nails
A

integumentary system

125
Q

What organ system is composed of:

  • bones
  • joints
A

skeletal system

126
Q

What organ system is composed of:

skeltal muscles

A

muscular system

127
Q

gonads are

A

testis-male

ovary- female

128
Q

all organ systems work together to maintain ________________ within an individual animal

A

homeostasis

129
Q

__________________ is an organisms ability to maintain relatively constant internal conditions despite potentially lage changes in the external enviroment

A

homeostasis

130
Q

homeostasis most often depends on a

A

negative feedback mechanism

131
Q

negative feedback consits of 4 points

A
  • set point
  • stimulus
  • control center
  • responce
132
Q

_______________ skin

A

integumentary system

133
Q

the skin consists of

A
  • epidermis

- dermis

134
Q

_______________ technically not part of skin in beneath dermis

A

hypodermis

135
Q

_______________ dead keratinized cells protect against abraision, UV radiatin, pathogens, chemical, and water loss

A

epidermis

136
Q

epidermis is made of _______________

A

stratified squamos epithelium

137
Q

___________________ consits of hair follicles, oil, and sweat glands, muscles, sensory receptors, and nerves, and blood vessels

A

dermis

138
Q

dermis is made of

A

fibrous connective tissue

139
Q

oil glands __________

A

lubricate skin

140
Q

sensory receptors and nerves detect enviromental stimuli

A

and send information to brain

141
Q

blood vessel manufacture _________________ in response to sunlight

A

vitamin D

142
Q

the hypodermis anchors skin to the underlaying _______________ made of _____________

A

muscles

adipose tissue

143
Q

________________ function in sensory reception and protection against sunlight perspiration, foreign objects

A

hair functions

also in insulation of many mammals

144
Q

________________ facilitate fine manipulate

A

nails

(claws and hooves serve as protection when jumping, grasping, ect

145
Q

integumentary system functions in _____________________________

A

thermo regulation- homeostasis

146
Q

sweat glands are responsible for ___________________

A

evaporative cooling

147
Q

blood vessels _________________ to eliminate heat and _______________ to conserve heat

A

dialate

constrict

148
Q

________________ involuntarily contract producing heat and causing hairs to stand upright

A

muscles

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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