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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 35 > Flashcards

Chapter 35 Flashcards

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1
Q

plant anatomy is organized into a __________________

A

structural hierarchy

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2
Q

structural hierarchy of a plants:

A
  • organism
  • organ system
  • tissue systems
  • tissues
  • cells
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3
Q

a plant consists of _____ organ systems

A

2

  • shoot system
  • root system
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4
Q

the above ground portion of the plant is the ____________ system

A

shoot

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5
Q

the below ground portion of the plant is the _________ system

A

root

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6
Q

a plant consists of ______ organs

A

3

  • stems
  • leaves
  • roots
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7
Q

the shoots system contains what 2 organs

A
  • stems

- leaves

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8
Q

the roots system contains what 1 organ

A

-roots

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9
Q

stems serve _______ main functions

A

3

  • support
  • transportation of water and photosynthates
  • storage
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10
Q

_______ locations on a stem where leaves 0r laterals shoots

A

nodes

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11
Q

_________ regions between nodes

A

internodes

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12
Q

______________:

  • found at the base of the leaves (at the nodes)
  • gives rise to lateral shoots
A

axillary buds

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13
Q

______________:

  • found at the shoot tip
  • the location of the apical meristem
A

apical (terminal) bud

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14
Q

leaves serve __________ major function(s) for a plant

A

1

-photosynthesis

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15
Q

leave structures are what two parts

A
  • blade

- petiole

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16
Q

_________ the photosynthetic component of the leaf

A

blade

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17
Q

________________ the stalk that attaches the blade to the stem

A

petiole

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18
Q

leaves are either _____________________ or _____________________

A

simple or compound

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19
Q

_________ leaves consist of one large blade attached to the petiole

A

simple

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20
Q

_____________ leaves consist of multiple smaller leaflets rather than a single blade

A

compounds

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21
Q

compound leaves are either __________________ compound or _________ compound

A

pinnately

palmately

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22
Q

roots serve ______ main functions for a plant

A
  • absorbtion of water
  • anchorage
  • transport
  • storage
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23
Q

___________ possess a taproot system

A

eudicots

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24
Q

____________ is a single main root that extends downward. Lateral roots branch off of the taproot

A

taproot system

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25
Q

_____________ possess fibrous root system

A

monocots

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26
Q

_______________________________:
-a tangled network of roots. no differentiation of taproots or lateral roots. Fibrous roots tend to be shallower but more spread than

A

a fibrous root system

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27
Q

each root has thousands to millions of tiny _____________ that increase its surface area for absorption

A

root hairs

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28
Q

a plant consists of ____________ tissue systems

A

3

  • dermal tissue systems
  • ground tissue systems
  • vascular tissue systems
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29
Q

all 3 tissue systems are present in _________ plant organs

A

all 3

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30
Q

______________ consists of just one type of tissue

A

dermal tissue system

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31
Q

type of tissue in dermal tissue system __________________

A

epidermis

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32
Q

the __________ is the outer tissue layer of plant body

A

epidermis

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33
Q

the epidermis consists of 3 kinds of cell types

A
  • epidermal cells
  • guard cells
  • trichomes and root hairs
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34
Q

___________ secrete cuticle

A

epidermal cells

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35
Q

__________ surround stomata

A

guard cells

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36
Q

_____________________ defense/ absorption

A

trichomes and root hairs

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37
Q

the ground tissue system consists of ___________ tissue types

A

3

  • parenchyma
  • collenchyma
  • sclerenchyma
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38
Q

________________: is the most abundant tissue in any plant. Consists entirely of parenchyma cells. Functions in storage and photosynthesis. Only has a primary cell wall

A

parenchyma

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39
Q

parenchyma tissue consists of __________ cells

A

parenchyma

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40
Q

_____________ functions in support for plant organs. Thick primary cells walls

A

collenchyma

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41
Q

collenchyma tissue consist of _________ cells

A

collenchyma

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42
Q

_______________ tissue functions for mature plant organs. Thick secondary cell walls in addition to primary cell walls

A

sclerenchyma

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43
Q

sclerenchyma tissue consists entirely of _______________________ cells

A

sclerenchyma

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44
Q

__________________________ cellulose innermost

A

primary cell wall

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45
Q

________________________ lignin outermost

A

secondary cell wall

46
Q

the vascular tissue system consist of two tissue types

A
  • xylem

- phloem

47
Q

________________ is the water-conducting tissue within plants. Consists of two cell types.

A

xylem

48
Q

xylem consist of ________ cell types

A

2

  • tracheids
  • vessel elements
49
Q

tracked and vessel elements are ____________ that form long continuous tubes through a plant

A

dead cells

50
Q

__________________ is the photosynthate-conducting tissue within plants

A

phloem

51
Q

phloem consists of ________________ cell types

A

2

  • sieve tube members
  • companion cells
52
Q

sieve tube members and companion cells are ___________

A

living cells

53
Q

____________ form a long continuous tubes throughout the plant

A

sieve tube members

54
Q

________________ surround and support sieve tubes members

A

companion cells

55
Q

plants grow in ________ directions

A

2

  • primary/ vertical growth
  • secondary/ horizontal growth
56
Q

____________ is vertical growth/ Lengthening and elongating a plant

A

primary growth

57
Q

__________________ is horizontal growth widening the plant, increasing the plant’s diameter

A

secondary growth

58
Q

primary growth is accomplished by _________

A

apicalmeristems

59
Q

____________ are located at regions of active cell division. Shoot tip, axillary buds, root tip.

A

apicalmeristems

60
Q

apicalmeristems consist of ________________________________________________
_____________

A

consist of undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into any type of plant cell or tissue

61
Q

secondary growth is accomplished by way of ___________________

A

lateral meristems

62
Q

lateral meristems are located _______________________________

A

in stems and roots of eudicots

63
Q

two types of lateral meristems

A
  • vascular cambium

- cork cambium

64
Q

_______________________ gives rise to secondary xylem wood and secondary phloem

A

vascular cambium

65
Q

_____________________ replaces the outer epidermis with a tougher periderm

A

vascular cambium

66
Q

vascular cambium replaces the outer epidermis with a tougher ___________________________

A

periderm

67
Q

leaves develop from the _________________ located addict to the apical meristem

A

leaf promordia

68
Q

lateral shoots develop from ______________ axillary buds located at the base of the leaves

A

axillary buds

69
Q

the ____________ is a dome shaped region at the stem tips

A

apical meristem

70
Q

the dermal tissue system forms the __________ surface of stem

A

outer

71
Q

______________________ of the vascular tissue called vascular bundles run through the interior of the stem

A

veins

72
Q

in eudicots vascular bundles are arranged in a __________

A

ring

73
Q

in monocots vascular bundles are _________________

A

scattered

74
Q

What is the location of xylem and phloem in the vascular bundles?

A

xylem is located toward the inside of the bundles

phloem is located toward the outside of bundle

75
Q

in edicts the stems ground tissue system consists of ________ and __________

A

pith and cortex

76
Q

_________________ is located in the center of the stem. made of

A

pith

parenchyma

77
Q

____________ is located between the vascular bundles and epidermis. Made of

A

cortex

collenchyma or scleranchima

78
Q

in monocots the ground tissue is not differentiated into piths and cortex because of ______________________

A

scattered vascular bundles

79
Q

the epidermis contains __________ fore gas exchange with air

A

stomata

80
Q

more stomata are located on ______________________________

A

the lower epidermis (under leaf) than on the upper epidermis

81
Q

two _____________ border each stomata to regulate its opening and closing

A

two guard cells

82
Q

the ground tissue of a lead is called _________________

A

mesophyll

83
Q

the upper half of mesophyll is called

is used for ______________

A

palisade mesophyll

photosynthesis

84
Q

the lower half of mesophyll is called

is used for ________________

A

spongy mesophyll

gas exchange

85
Q

vascular bundles run through the _________________

A

lead interior

86
Q

____________________ is located on the top half

____________________ is located on the buttum

A

xylem

phloem

87
Q

the entire vascular bundle is surrounded by a layer of ___________________

A

parenchyma, bundle sheath

88
Q

bundle sheath cells protect the vascular tissue against __________________

A

air exposure

89
Q

bundle sheath cells are location of the calvin cycle in______________

A

C4 plants

90
Q

the root tip consist of _______ regions

A

4

  • root cap
  • zone of cell division
  • zone of elongation
  • zone of differentiation
91
Q

___________ covers and protects the apical meristem

A

root cap

92
Q

______________ location of apical meristem

A

zone of cel division

93
Q

________________ location of growth

A

zone of elongation

94
Q

___________________ root hairs first appear in this zone. Location of cell differentiation

A

zone of differentiation (maturation )

95
Q

___________________ forms the outer surface of root.

A

the dermal tissue system

96
Q

root hairs increase area for ____________________

A

absorption

97
Q

In a edict a _________________ is located in the center of the root.

  • Xlyelm forms a ________ in the middle of the _______________
  • Phloem fills remaining space
  • pericycle surrounds cylinder
A

vascular cylinder
X
Cylinder

98
Q

a layer of cells called ____________ surrounds the vascular cylinder in edicts

A

pericycle

-gave rise to lateral roots

99
Q

monocots posses ____________ rather than vascular cylinder

A

vascular rings

100
Q

a ______________ of storage parenchyma forms the ground tissue system of roots. Between epidermis and vascular tissue

A

cortex

101
Q

the innermost layer of the cortex is the ______________

A

endodermis

102
Q

endodermal cells contain ___________ a waxy waterproofing lipid

A

suberin

this regulates entry of water and nutrients

103
Q

___________________ occurs ion stems and roots but not leaves and only occurs in _________________

A

secondary growth

monocots

104
Q

In stems, ___________________________ forms a ring between the primary xylem and primary phloem of he vascular bundles

A

the vascular cambium

105
Q

secondary xylem is _____________

A

wood

  • early wood formed in the spring has larger cell with thinner walls to maxima water transport
  • late wood formed in late summer has smaller thicker walls and contributes more to stem support
106
Q

______________ are disable where late and early wood meet and can be used to determine a plants age

A

growth rings

107
Q

the older inner layers of wood no longer transporting water

A

heartwood

108
Q

the outer wood layers continue to function in transport

A

sapwood

109
Q

___________________ gives rise to periderm which replaced the epidermis in plants undergoing secondary growth

A

cork cambium

110
Q

_____________ is the collective name given to all of tissues outside of the vascular cambium

A

bark

  • secondary phloem
  • cork cambium
  • cork

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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