Chapter 54 Flashcards
________________ focuses on all of the species within a particular area
communtiy ecology
3 focuses of community ecology
- species interactions
- biodiversity
- disturbance and succession
both organisms are positively effected
mutualism
one organisms is possitively effected while the other is not effected
commensalism
__________ is a negative effect on one organism and apossitive relatinship on the other
predation
_______________ is the negative effect on one organism and no effect on the other
amensalism
___________ is a relationship between organisms that has no effect on either organism
neutralism
___________________ is a relationship that has negative effects on both organisms
competition
what do organisms compete for
- resources
- mates
_________________: food, water, space, light
cometitive resources
________________ is when one competior uses a resource reducing its availability for other competitors
exploitation
_________________ is when two competive physically challenge each other to obtain resource, allelopathy in plants
interferance and direct competition
a species collective use of biotic and abiotic resources of its enviroment is termed a species ____________
niche
two species cannot occupy the exact same ____________ with a community termed _________________
niche
competitive exclusion principle
simular species do coexist in a communtity by way of ___________________
resource partitioning
the evolution of slight differences between _______________ to avoid complete overlap, thereby avoiding complete competition
niche
can competition be demonstrated in nature
large acorn barnicles are found in lower intertidal while small acorn barnacles are found only in the upper intertidal
_____________ show these distributions to be the result of competition
removal experiment
when large acorn barnicles are remove
small acorn barnicals colonize all intertidal
when small acorn barnicles are removed
large acorn barnicles remain out of the upper intertidal
large acorn barnecles are ______________ keeping small acorn barnacles out of lower and middle intertidal
superior competitions
large acorn barnacles are ________________ which prevents them from surviving in the upper intertidal
susceptible to desication
_______________ consist of different species acquire nutrient in the same way
guilds
competition will therefore occur between member of the same ______________
guilds
many rodents and ants belong to the granivore species _____________ so they compete for seeds
guilds
competition will therefore occcur between member of the same ___________
guilds
amensalism is essentially a form of competion called _____________________
one sided
all competition falls somewhere between completely equal and completely ________________________________________
one sided
________________ usually kill and consume many pray items.
ex:
true preditors
__________ consume only parts of many plants of algal prey items throughout their lives. generally do not kill their prey grazors that feed on plants and algae
herbavores
_____________________ consume only parts of just one of a few prey items throighout their lives. Parasites generally do not kill their prey
parasitism
some true predators _________ throughout their habitat in search of prey
forage
others are __________ preadtors remaining in one place and attacking prey that move within striking distance
sit and weight
__________ have evolved various adaptations to avoid being eaten
prey
3 adaptations of true predators
- physical defenses
- chemical defenses
- coloration
_________ coloration
_________ coloration
________ batesian and mullerian
warning
cryptic
mimicry
predators have evolved adaptations that enable them to better \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ claws poison crypsis agility
prey
acute senses
predator and prey populations to __________ over time
cycle
most true predators are _____________________
polyphageus
true predators are __________ that feed on many prey species
generalists
most herbivores are ________________
oligophagores
herbivores are ____________ that feed on just a few plant species
specialists
______________ have evolved various adaptions to avoid being eaten
plants
___________ defenses
spines and thorins
structural
________ defenses
secondary components that are roxic to herbivore or that attract the predators of the herbavore
chemical
herbivoress have ___________ that enable them to better obtain plants
evolved adaptations
______________ is an organisms that lives in close association with a host organism
parasite
overtime the host often dies and the parasite dies as well, by this point, the parasite has completed _______________________
reproduction
herbavores adaptations generall involve the evolution of mechanism to _________ the plant defenses
tolerate
spines can be consumed or secondary compounds can be digested by certain herbivores. This provides an _________ food source to the _____________ species
abundant tolerate
certain species within al major groups of organisms act as parasites
- prokaryotes __________
- fungi
- viruses
- protists __________
- animals _________
- plants _____________
bacteria nor archae
protozoans and water molds
worms and athropods
dodder
________ are small parasites
microparasites
————– are large parasites
macroparasites
_____________ life and reproduce within their hosts
endoparasites
__________ live and reproduce outside of the host
ectoparasites
_______________ died if their host dies
obligatory parasites
______________ parasites are obligatory
most
______________ parasites continue to live even if the host dies
faculative parasites
some _________ kill their host trees but then continue decomposing them afterwards
fungi
____________ are specific to certain host species
parasite species
parasite life cycles can be ___________
very complex
the most widespread example of commensalism is ______________
decompositon
the decomposer benefit while the organisms being decomposed are neither positively nor negatively affected
bacteria and fungi are the most common decomposers though certain animals would be included
the _____ are the positive organism in a +/0 relationship
decomposer
ecological engineers are an example of
commensalism
____________ preovided habitat for other organisms without themselves being affected
ecological engineers
ecological engineers are _________ organisms in a +/0 relationship
0
_________________ is fungi a very close association between individuals of two species in which one lives on or in the other and both are physiollogically integrated to some extent
symbiotic relationship
parasitism and mutualism are often but not always ______________
symbiotic
competition amensalism, true predation herbibority and commensalism are non symbiotic relationships ____________ relationships
non symbiotic relatinships
symbiotic and mutualism
-mycorizzae
-lichens
nitrogen fixing and bacteria within corals
zooxanthella within corals
bacteria and protozoans within animals guts
flowering plants and their ____________ insects
__________ and their animal dispersers
leaf cutter and fungue gardens
pollinating
fruits
_____________________ a smaller animals species feeds on parasites of a larger animals species. The cleaner receives food. The client receives defense against parasites
cleaners and clients
_______________ ants live within thorns along the branches of these
acacia trees
acacia trees and ants are not a symbiotic relationship because even though ants live within the acacias there is no __________ between them
physiological interactions
_______________ refers to the number of species within a community as well as the relative number of each species
biodiversity
___________ the number of species within a community
richness
_______________ the relative abundance of each species within the community
eveness
2 commonents of biodiversity
richness
-evenness
consider two communities a and b with four species each
species _________________ is equal
is the species diverse?
this depends on _____________
richness
evenness
two common methods employed to measure biodiversity
- rank abundance curve
- diversity indices
_________________ show the abundance of each species (log transformed) ranked in order from most abundant to least abundant
rank abundance
rank abundance curves occur in
3 shapes
______________:
very few species
one species very abundant
the next most abundant species far mosre abundant
low richness and low evenness lead to low diverisity
examples are tundra and alpine
geometric series
____________
many species
the most abundant and next several most abundant species all have almost the same number of individuals
high richness and high evenness lead to high diversity. examples include tropical rainforests and coral reef communitties
broken stick
__________________
high richness and lower evenness than broken stick
intermediate diversity between geometric series and broken stick
log normal
________________ are equactions that combine richness and evenness into a single value
diversity indicces are equations that combine richness and evenness
