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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 54 > Flashcards

Chapter 54 Flashcards

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1
Q

________________ focuses on all of the species within a particular area

A

communtiy ecology

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2
Q

3 focuses of community ecology

A
  • species interactions
  • biodiversity
  • disturbance and succession
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3
Q

both organisms are positively effected

A

mutualism

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4
Q

one organisms is possitively effected while the other is not effected

A

commensalism

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5
Q

__________ is a negative effect on one organism and apossitive relatinship on the other

A

predation

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6
Q

_______________ is the negative effect on one organism and no effect on the other

A

amensalism

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7
Q

___________ is a relationship between organisms that has no effect on either organism

A

neutralism

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8
Q

___________________ is a relationship that has negative effects on both organisms

A

competition

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9
Q

what do organisms compete for

A
  • resources

- mates

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10
Q

_________________: food, water, space, light

A

cometitive resources

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11
Q

________________ is when one competior uses a resource reducing its availability for other competitors

A

exploitation

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12
Q

_________________ is when two competive physically challenge each other to obtain resource, allelopathy in plants

A

interferance and direct competition

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13
Q

a species collective use of biotic and abiotic resources of its enviroment is termed a species ____________

A

niche

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14
Q

two species cannot occupy the exact same ____________ with a community termed _________________

A

niche

competitive exclusion principle

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15
Q

simular species do coexist in a communtity by way of ___________________

A

resource partitioning

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16
Q

the evolution of slight differences between _______________ to avoid complete overlap, thereby avoiding complete competition

A

niche

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17
Q

can competition be demonstrated in nature

A

large acorn barnicles are found in lower intertidal while small acorn barnacles are found only in the upper intertidal

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18
Q

_____________ show these distributions to be the result of competition

A

removal experiment

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19
Q

when large acorn barnicles are remove

A

small acorn barnicals colonize all intertidal

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20
Q

when small acorn barnicles are removed

A

large acorn barnicles remain out of the upper intertidal

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21
Q

large acorn barnecles are ______________ keeping small acorn barnacles out of lower and middle intertidal

A

superior competitions

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22
Q

large acorn barnacles are ________________ which prevents them from surviving in the upper intertidal

A

susceptible to desication

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23
Q

_______________ consist of different species acquire nutrient in the same way

A

guilds

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24
Q

competition will therefore occur between member of the same ______________

A

guilds

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25
Q

many rodents and ants belong to the granivore species _____________ so they compete for seeds

A

guilds

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26
Q

competition will therefore occcur between member of the same ___________

A

guilds

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27
Q

amensalism is essentially a form of competion called _____________________

A

one sided

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28
Q

all competition falls somewhere between completely equal and completely ________________________________________

A

one sided

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29
Q

________________ usually kill and consume many pray items.

ex:

A

true preditors

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30
Q

__________ consume only parts of many plants of algal prey items throughout their lives. generally do not kill their prey grazors that feed on plants and algae

A

herbavores

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31
Q

_____________________ consume only parts of just one of a few prey items throighout their lives. Parasites generally do not kill their prey

A

parasitism

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32
Q

some true predators _________ throughout their habitat in search of prey

A

forage

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33
Q

others are __________ preadtors remaining in one place and attacking prey that move within striking distance

A

sit and weight

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34
Q

__________ have evolved various adaptations to avoid being eaten

A

prey

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35
Q

3 adaptations of true predators

A
  • physical defenses
  • chemical defenses
  • coloration
36
Q

_________ coloration
_________ coloration
________ batesian and mullerian

A

warning
cryptic
mimicry

37
Q 
predators have evolved adaptations that enable them to better \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
claws
poison 
crypsis 
agility
A

prey

acute senses

38
Q

predator and prey populations to __________ over time

A

cycle

39
Q

most true predators are _____________________

A

polyphageus

40
Q

true predators are __________ that feed on many prey species

A

generalists

41
Q

most herbivores are ________________

A

oligophagores

42
Q

herbivores are ____________ that feed on just a few plant species

A

specialists

43
Q

______________ have evolved various adaptions to avoid being eaten

A

plants

44
Q

___________ defenses

spines and thorins

A

structural

45
Q

________ defenses

secondary components that are roxic to herbivore or that attract the predators of the herbavore

A

chemical

46
Q

herbivoress have ___________ that enable them to better obtain plants

A

evolved adaptations

47
Q

______________ is an organisms that lives in close association with a host organism

A

parasite

48
Q

overtime the host often dies and the parasite dies as well, by this point, the parasite has completed _______________________

A

reproduction

49
Q

herbavores adaptations generall involve the evolution of mechanism to _________ the plant defenses

A

tolerate

50
Q

spines can be consumed or secondary compounds can be digested by certain herbivores. This provides an _________ food source to the _____________ species

A

abundant tolerate

51
Q

certain species within al major groups of organisms act as parasites

  • prokaryotes __________
  • fungi
  • viruses
  • protists __________
  • animals _________
  • plants _____________
A

bacteria nor archae
protozoans and water molds
worms and athropods
dodder

52
Q

________ are small parasites

A

microparasites

53
Q

————– are large parasites

A

macroparasites

54
Q

_____________ life and reproduce within their hosts

A

endoparasites

55
Q

__________ live and reproduce outside of the host

A

ectoparasites

56
Q

_______________ died if their host dies

A

obligatory parasites

57
Q

______________ parasites are obligatory

A

most

58
Q

______________ parasites continue to live even if the host dies

A

faculative parasites

59
Q

some _________ kill their host trees but then continue decomposing them afterwards

A

fungi

60
Q

____________ are specific to certain host species

A

parasite species

61
Q

parasite life cycles can be ___________

A

very complex

62
Q

the most widespread example of commensalism is ______________

A

decompositon

63
Q

the decomposer benefit while the organisms being decomposed are neither positively nor negatively affected

A

bacteria and fungi are the most common decomposers though certain animals would be included

64
Q

the _____ are the positive organism in a +/0 relationship

A

decomposer

65
Q

ecological engineers are an example of

A

commensalism

66
Q

____________ preovided habitat for other organisms without themselves being affected

A

ecological engineers

67
Q

ecological engineers are _________ organisms in a +/0 relationship

A

0

68
Q

_________________ is fungi a very close association between individuals of two species in which one lives on or in the other and both are physiollogically integrated to some extent

A

symbiotic relationship

69
Q

parasitism and mutualism are often but not always ______________

A

symbiotic

70
Q

competition amensalism, true predation herbibority and commensalism are non symbiotic relationships ____________ relationships

A

non symbiotic relatinships

71
Q

symbiotic and mutualism

A

-mycorizzae
-lichens
nitrogen fixing and bacteria within corals
zooxanthella within corals
bacteria and protozoans within animals guts

72
Q

flowering plants and their ____________ insects
__________ and their animal dispersers
leaf cutter and fungue gardens

A

pollinating

fruits

73
Q

_____________________ a smaller animals species feeds on parasites of a larger animals species. The cleaner receives food. The client receives defense against parasites

A

cleaners and clients

74
Q

_______________ ants live within thorns along the branches of these

A

acacia trees

75
Q

acacia trees and ants are not a symbiotic relationship because even though ants live within the acacias there is no __________ between them

A

physiological interactions

76
Q

_______________ refers to the number of species within a community as well as the relative number of each species

A

biodiversity

77
Q

___________ the number of species within a community

A

richness

78
Q

_______________ the relative abundance of each species within the community

A

eveness

79
Q

2 commonents of biodiversity

A

richness

-evenness

80
Q

consider two communities a and b with four species each
species _________________ is equal
is the species diverse?
this depends on _____________

A

richness

evenness

81
Q

two common methods employed to measure biodiversity

A
  • rank abundance curve

- diversity indices

82
Q

_________________ show the abundance of each species (log transformed) ranked in order from most abundant to least abundant

A

rank abundance

83
Q

rank abundance curves occur in

A

3 shapes

84
Q

______________:
very few species
one species very abundant
the next most abundant species far mosre abundant
low richness and low evenness lead to low diverisity
examples are tundra and alpine

A

geometric series

85
Q

____________
many species
the most abundant and next several most abundant species all have almost the same number of individuals
high richness and high evenness lead to high diversity. examples include tropical rainforests and coral reef communitties

A

broken stick

86
Q

__________________
high richness and lower evenness than broken stick
intermediate diversity between geometric series and broken stick

A

log normal

87
Q

________________ are equactions that combine richness and evenness into a single value

A

diversity indicces are equations that combine richness and evenness

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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