Chapter 42-respiration Flashcards
the respiratory system functions in ______________
gas exchange
__________ is brough into the animals body and ____________ is removed
O2
CO2
O2 is used by animals for _______________ while CO2 is the waste product of this process
cellular respiration
O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the _______________
animal and enviroment in external respirarion
_______________ is the exchange that takes place between the animals respiration surface and capillaries
external respiration
02 and CO2 transports throughout the __________________
animals body within its blood.
in _____________________ 02 and CO2 are transported thoughout the animals body and exchanged between the capillaries and the bodys cells termed internal capillaries
internal respiration
an animals respiratoy surface is its organ of ___________________ with enviroment
animals repiratiory surface
respiratory surface are _____________________ providing a large surface area for gas exchange
extensively branched
respiratory surface are ___________________ allowing efficient diffusion of gases
thin and moist
an animals repiratiory medium is ___________
source of 02 (water or air)
obtainign O2 from water or air poses _________________
different chalenges
the atmosphere contains ______________
21% O2
ocenas and lakes contains ______________
4% )2
water keeps respiratory surfaces ________
moist
respiratory surfaces on land that are exposed to air are suseptible to desication
the respiratoy surface of fish are _______________
gills
gills are __________________________
outward extensions of the body surfac e
fishes obtain O2 by
passing water over gills
____________ in cartilagenous fish
______________________ accomplished in bony fish
swimming
bony operculum
as water is pumped over the gills, exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs between the water and capillaries that lie just beneath _______________
gill surfaces
fish push water past gill is ______________ and blood in the _____________ direction
one direction
the opposite
_____________ is the push of water in one direction and blood in the opposite in fish respiration
countercurrent exchange
____________ blood in the gills always encounter water with a high 02 concentration ensuring the diffussion of 02 into the blood .
countercurrent exchange
_______________ is an extremely efficient mechanism for extracting 02 from water where it is in short supply
countercurrent exchange
terrestrial tetrapods obtain o2 from ________
air
the respiratory surfaces are lungs
lungs are _______________ to avoid desication
folded within the body
lungs are connected to the outside of the body by the way of ______________
narrow tubes that act as air passageways
this enables ait intake and gas exchange while keeping respiratory surface ____________
moist
___________ is the process that ventilates the lungs
breathing
amphibians exhibit ___________________ breathing
possitive pressure
amphibians inflate lungs by squizzing its throat down ward from the oral and nasal cavities
this limits an amphibians breathing capacity to the volume of these two cavities
reptiles exhibit _______________ breathing
negative pressure
breath capacity increases as a result of ____________________
an increase to the size of the thoracic cavity
prior to inhalation, __________________________
airpressure in lungs and in lungs are equal
during inhalation the ribs muscles ______________ ___________ the thoracic cavity
contract
expanding
_______________ are located in thoracic cavity
increase lung volume reduces air pressure, greater air pressure in atmosphere causes air to flow in lungs
lungs
during exhalation the musles relax _________________
decreasing the volume of the thorax. pressure increase in lung forces air out
structurally the respiratory system can be divided into an _______________
upper and lower respiratory tract
functionaly the respiratory system can be divided into
conducting portion: transports air
respiratoy portion accomplished oxygen transport
________________ provided inlet for air
nasal caity
upper respiratory tract consists of the ________________ nd _________________
nasal cavity
pharynx
these organs belong to the __________________ of the respiratory system
conducting portion
the ______________ provide an inlet for air
nasal cavity
______________ within the skull bones secrete mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
sinuses
the floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the _______________
palate
The ____________ is a common passageway of food and air
pharynx
the ___________ seals off the connection between the nasal and oral cavities when swallowing so food and liquid are not sent upward
uvula
the conducting portion of the lower respiratory tract consist of the _______________________________
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
the repiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract consist of _________________________
alveoli
the _______________ connects the nasal cavity superiorly to the larynx inferiorly
pharynx
pharyn connects the oral cavity superiorly to the_________________
esophagus
pharynx- larynx- trachea
order of tubes
the larynx provide a passagewat for air into the __________________
lower respiratory tract
the _________________ seals off the larynx when swallowing
epiglottis
the larynx functions in ____________________
sound production
_________________ follows inferiorly from the larynx
the trachea
the trachea runs anterior to the ______________
esophagus.
the trachea is made of ____________
cartilage which permits flexibility of the trachea as food moves down to neighboring esophagus
the inner tracheal wall is lined by ______________________ whch secrete mucus that traps debris particles within the tracheas lumen. cillia sweeps the debris upward away from the lungs
psedostratified collumnar epithelium
the trachea branches inferiorly ________________________
into the right and left primary branchi
____________________ is a highly branched system of air conducting tubes residing within the lungs
the bronchial tree
the right and left primary bronchi extend from the thachea and enter into the lungs
by the time air reaches the lungs it is warmed moistened cleaned
_______________ branch into smaller diameter secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, and so on.
primary bronchi
the smallest branches pf the bronchial tree are called
bronchioles
______________ constitutes the end of the conducting portion of the respiratory system
bronchioles
bronchioles lead to ______________ which make of the _____________________
alveoli
repiratory portion
alveoli are _____________________
tiny round organs of gass exchange
the walls of the alveoli consist of _______________________ epithelium
simple squamos
the lungs contain _____________________ providing a huge surface area for gas exchange for gass exchange
350 million
alveoli are surrounded by a ______________________
network of capillaries
birds fly for long period of time in_________________ enviroments
high altitude, low O2
aquatic invertebrates posees _____________
gills
birds possess a circulator respiratory system involving _____________________________ surrounding the lungs and a one way flow of O2
anterior and posterior sacs
while other terrestrial vertebrates get no new air during exhalation, birds receive 02 during _______________
both inhalation and exhalation
earthworms exhibit ________________ respiration
cutaneus
in _________________: gas exchange occurs between the atmosphere and capillaries located beneath the skin
cutaneus respiration
insect respiratoy and circulatory system are _____________________
seperate
in insects the trahcea open to the outside body by way of the ______________________
spiracles
