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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 46-47 > Flashcards

Chapter 46-47 Flashcards

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1
Q

the reproductive system functions in the __________________________

A

reproduction of offspring

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2
Q

various forms of asexual reproduction are:

A
  • fission
  • budding
  • fragmentation
  • parthanogenesis
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3
Q

______________ asexual reproduction exhibited by sea anemones

A

fission

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4
Q

_________________ asexual reproduction exhibited by hydras

A

budding

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5
Q

____________ asexual reproduction exhibited by planarians and sea stars

A

fragmentation

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6
Q

________________ rotifers and some lizards

A

parthanogenesis

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7
Q

offspring are produced by way of ________________ in a great majority of animals

A

sexual reproduction

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8
Q

variation among sexual reproducers

A
  • hemaphradodism and sex reversals
  • external and internal fertilization
  • oviparity, vivparity, oviparity
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9
Q

sexual reproduction can be challenged for organisms that _______________________

A

seldom encounter a mate

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10
Q

hemaphrodite have both ________________ reproductive structures

A

male and female

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11
Q

in hemaphrodites

A
  • both individuals donate and receive sperm when mating

- this ensures that an animal can mate with any individual it encounters

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12
Q

certain animals endergo sex reversals when one sex becomes _______________

A

rare

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13
Q

during ____________________ eggs and sperm are released into the enviroment where fertilization occurs

A

external fertilization

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14
Q

external fertilization requires a __________________________________________

A

moist enviroment and mass spawning

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15
Q

during _________________ sperm are deposited within female reproductive tract where fertilization occurs

A

copulatory organ

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16
Q

internal fertilization requires ___________________________________

A

copulatory organ

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17
Q

animals exhibiting internal fertilization may undergo __________________________

A

different modes of development

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18
Q

in _________________ animals offspring develop and hatch from eggs laid outside of the body

A

oviparous animals

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19
Q

in _____________________ animals offspring are born after having developed within the uterus

A

viviparous animals

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20
Q

in __________________ offspring hatch from eggs that develope within uterus

A

oviviparous animals

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21
Q

___________________ example of offspring develop and hatch from eggs laid outside of the body

A

reptiles

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22
Q

___________________ example of animals offspring are born after having developed within the uterus

A

eutherin mmals

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23
Q

______________ example of offspring hatch from eggs that develope within uterus

A

shark

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24
Q

animal reproductive system generally consist of

A
  • gonads
  • a duct system
  • accessory glands
  • a uterus
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25
Q

gonads: for the _________________ of gametes

A

production

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26
Q

a duct system: for the _________________________ of gametes

A

transport

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27
Q

acessory glands: for the _____________________ of gametes

A

protection and nourishment

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28
Q

a uterus: for the ____________ of offspring

A

development

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29
Q

________ exist in reproductive anatomy

A

variation

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30
Q

femal insects possess _________________: organs that store sperm

A

spermathecase

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31
Q

nonmammalian vertebrates possess a __________

A

cloaca

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32
Q

___________ a common external opening for the digestive excretory and reproductive system

A

cloaca

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33
Q

Humans and other mmals typify ______________________

A

animal and reproductive system

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34
Q

________________ for the protection of gametes

A

gonads

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35
Q

_________________ for transport of gametes

A

a duct system

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36
Q

________________ for the protection and nourishment of gametes

A

acessory glands

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37
Q

___________________ for developement of offspring

A

uterrus

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38
Q

the primary male sex organ are the ___________________

A

testes

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39
Q

the male reproductive system also includes a ________________________

A

duct system, accessory glands, and penis

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40
Q

testes are the males _________________ which produce sperm

A

gonads

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41
Q

male gamtes

A

sperm

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42
Q

______________________ projects into the testis as septa, dividing the testis into lobules

A

tunica albuginea

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43
Q

___________________________ is located into each lobule

A

semiferous tubules

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44
Q

sperm production occurs within the ___________________

A

semiferous tubules

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45
Q

the ______________ is a sac suspended from the body (between thighs)

A

scrotum

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46
Q

testes are located in the ________________

A

scrotum

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47
Q

sperm can not be produced at normal body temperature ________________, the scrotum hold the testes outside of the abdominopelvic cavity from the body core at a temperature of _______________

A

37

34

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48
Q

___________ is a connective tissue sheath that connect the scrotum to the abdomino pelvic cavity

A

spermatic cord

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49
Q

_______________ within the spermatic cord are the muscles that contract to bring the testes closer to the body core

A

cooler temperatures

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50
Q

within the spermatic cord are ________________ that supply the testes

A

blood vessels and cord

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51
Q

a series of ____________ carries sperm from testes to outside of body

A

ducts

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52
Q

4 ducts of testes in order

A
  • epididymis
  • ductus deferens
  • ejaculatory ducts
  • urethra
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53
Q

the ___________ is a highly coiled duct that surrouns the superior and posterior testis

A

epididymis

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54
Q

sperm leave testis in an _____________ state.

A

immature state

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55
Q

sperm mature as they slowly make their way through the _________________

A

epididymis

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56
Q

sperm are _____________ from the epididymis , not the testes

A

ejaculated

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57
Q

_________________ is a very long duct that follows upward from the epididymis

A

ductus deferens

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58
Q

the ductus deferens travels within the ________________________________ propels sperm into the abdominal pelvic cavity.

A

spermatic cord

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59
Q

ductus deferens ultimately wraps around the _________________________

A

urinary bladder

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60
Q

ductus deferens converges with the _____________________ within the prostate glands it forms the ____________________

A

seminal vesicle

ejaculatory duct

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61
Q

also within the prostate gland, the ejaculatory duct converges with the _________________ exiting the ______________

A

urethra

urinary bladder

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62
Q

from this point on, the urethra is a common duct for both _______________________

A

excretion and reproduction

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63
Q

the urethra travels through the ___________________

A

prostate and penis

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64
Q

seminal duct runs through the _______________

A

prostate gland

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65
Q

prostate glands in located ______________

A

under blatter

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66
Q

__________________ produce seminal fluid that gets mixed with sperm during ejaculation

A

accessory glands

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67
Q

seminal fluid provides _____________ to the sperm, ________________ found in the urethra and female reproductive tract and suppresses the female ___________________________

A

nutreints
nutralizes acids
immune responce

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68
Q

the combination of sperm plus seminal fluid is called _______________________

A

semen

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69
Q

3 acessory glands in male reporductive tract

A
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral gland
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70
Q

________________ are located at the back of the urinary bladder, next to the end of the ductus deferens

A

seminal vesicles

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71
Q

sperm are first mixed with seminal fluid in the _________________ where the seminal vesicles secrete their fluid

A

ejaculatory duct

72
Q

seminal vesicles fluid for _____________ of semen volume

A

60%

73
Q

________________ is located inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the beginning of the urethra

A

prostate gland

74
Q

the prostate gland fluid acounts for ____________ of semen volume

A

35%

75
Q

________________ are tiny galnds that connect to the urthethra within the penis

A

bulbourethral glands

76
Q

bulbourethral glands makes up __________ of semen volume

A

5%

77
Q

only a _______________ of semen is actully sperm

A

a tiny fraction

(yet millions are released in a single ejaculation) shows how truely small

78
Q

the penis is the male _______________________

A

copulatory organ

79
Q

penis delivers perm to the ________________

A

female reproductive tract

80
Q

the free unattached region of the penis is the _____________

A

body

81
Q

the body contains three long cylinders of ___________________

A

erectile tissue

-single corpus spongiosum and two corpora cavernosa

82
Q

the spongy erectile tissue fills blood during sexual stimulation allowing the penis to serve as a ___________________

A

copulatory organ

83
Q

the attached region of the penis is the ___________ which is attached to the pelivis

A

root

84
Q

the bulb is the expansion of the the corpus spongiosum within the root and the crura are the expansions of the ___________________________

A

corpora cavernosa within the root

85
Q

the bulb and the cura _______________ the penis in the ____________

A

anchor

abdomino pelvic cavity

86
Q

the primary female sex organs are _____________

A

ovaries

87
Q

the female reproductive system also includes a _______________

A

duct system

88
Q

ovaries are the female _______________ which produce eggs

A

gonads

89
Q

the ovaries are anchored ___________________________ by several ligaments

A

within the abdominopelvic cavity

90
Q

the ________________ ligments attach the ovaries to the uterus

A

ovaries

91
Q

the _____________________ attach the ovaries to the wall of abdominopelvic wall

A

suspensory ligaments

92
Q

the ______________ supports the ovaries uterine tubes and uterus

A

broad ligament

93
Q

the ovary is surrounded by a ____________________ that does not form septa or lobules

A

tunica albiginea

94
Q

the outer region of ovary ____________

A

cortex

95
Q

eggs develope in the __________

A

cortex

96
Q

a developing egg is surrounded by a follicle, consisting of layers of protective cells plus a fluid-filled ______________ that provided nutrients to the egg

A

atrum

97
Q

after ovulation of the egg, the degenerating follicle is called the _________________

A

corpus leteum

98
Q

the inner region of the ovary is the _____________

A

medulla

99
Q

the inner region of the ovary is the ______________

A

medulla

100
Q

the _____________ supply are located within the medulla

A

ovary blood vessel and nerve supply

101
Q

___________ carries the eggs from the ovaries to the outside of the body

A

series of ducts

102
Q

3 ducts in ovaries

A
  • uterine tubes
  • uterus
  • vagina
103
Q

________________ move the egg from the ovary to the uterus

A

uterine tube

104
Q

the ____________ is the funnel shaped beginning of the uterine tube that received the eggs ovulated from the ovary

A

infundibulum

105
Q

_________________ sweeps eggs from the ovary into the uterine tube

A

fimbrae

106
Q

_____________ is a lateral curve of the uterine tube

A

ampulla

107
Q

___________________ generally occurs within the ampulla

A

fertilization

108
Q

the ________________ forms the majority of the uterine tube

A

isthmus

109
Q

_______________ within the isthmus moves the egg through the tube

A

smooth muscle

110
Q

________________ produce secretions that keep the egg moist and nourished

A

simple collumnar

111
Q

the __________ part of the uterine tube is continuous with the wall of uterus

A

uterine

112
Q

the _____________ receives protects and nourished the developing embryo and fetus is fertilization has taken place

A

uterus

113
Q

uterus is located anterior to the ____________ and posterior to the ________________

A

rectum and blatter

114
Q

the uterine wall consists of ________________________

A

mymetrium and endometrium lining

115
Q

myometrium is a thick layer of __________________ that contracts during labor

A

smooth muscle

116
Q

________________ surround lumen. the location of implantation by embryo

A

endometrium

117
Q

its very ____________: the endomentrium builds up in preparation from implantation and breaks down during ____________

A

vascular

mestration

118
Q

the narrow inferior region of the uterus is the _____________

A

cervix

119
Q

the ___________ extends from the cervix to the outside of the body

A

vagina

120
Q

the vagina serves as a passageway for ____________ and for release of ______________

A

baby during childbirth

menstrual flows

121
Q

the vagine also functions as the female _______________ receiving the penis during intercourse

A

copulatory organ

122
Q

the vagine is located anterior to the ____________ and posterior to the ________________

A

rectum

urethra

123
Q

the female reproductive cycle consists of a combination of _____________________

A

two coordinated cycles

124
Q

the _______________ cycle regulates ovulation. the release of an egg from the ovary

A

ovarian

125
Q

the ___________ cycle prepares the uterus for pregnancy

the implantation of an embryo into the endometrium

A

mentral

126
Q

the ________________________ is controlled by the interactions of various hormones

A

female reproductive cycle

127
Q

if fertilization and pregnancy occur the embryo (implanted in the endometrium) releases the hormone _____________________________________

A

HGC (human chorion gonadotropin)

128
Q

_________________ maintains the corpus luteum

A

HGC

129
Q

___________________ formation of sperm

A

spermatogenesis

130
Q

estrogen and progestrone keep endometrium intact

A

menstration

131
Q

estrogen and progestrone inhibit the release of fsh and lh, preventing the development of a new ______________

A

folicle

132
Q

spermatogonia are located within ______________

A

serminiferous tubules

133
Q

spermatids develop into __________________

A

sperm

134
Q

an ______________ which will penetrate the egg, surrounds the head

A

acrosome

135
Q

if a sperm cell contracts the secondary oocyte, it completes ___________________

A

meiosis 2

136
Q

_________________________ gives rise to a mature egg and a polar body

A

secondary oocyte

137
Q

egg is fertilizes by __________

A

sperm

138
Q

______________ if the formation of gametes

A

gametogenesis

139
Q

speragonia reduce primary spermatocytes by ___________________

A

mitosis

140
Q

primary spermatocytes undergo ______________________________ to produce secondary spermatocytes

A

meiosis 1

141
Q

secondary spermatocytes undergo __________________ to give rise to spermatids

A

meiosis 2

142
Q

spermatids develop into __________________

A

sperm

143
Q

the head of the sperm is the _____________ region containing the haploid nucleus of DNA

A

genetic

144
Q

an __________________________ who penetrate the egg surround the sperm head

A

acrosome

145
Q

the mid piece is the _________________ region of the sperm that contains the mitochondria that power the tail

A

metabolic

146
Q

the tail is the _________________________ region of a flagellum that propels the sperm through the female reproductive tract

A

locamotion

147
Q

___________________ are located within the ovary at birth

A

oogonia

148
Q

oogonia produce ______________ by mitosis

A

primary oocytes

149
Q

primary oocytes are arrested during ________________ of meiosis 1 until just prior to ovulation

A

ovulation

150
Q

at the completion of meiosis 1, a secondary oocyte it completes ____________________

A

meisos

151
Q

the egg is fertilized by the sperm, the polar body ____________________

A

degenerates

152
Q

____________________ is the union of sperm and egg

A

fertilization

153
Q

fertilization combines ________________________ from two individuals and produces a ___________________________

A

haploid sets of chromosomes

diploid zygote

154
Q

fertilization initiates ___________________

A

embryonic development

155
Q

an egg is surrounded by a ___________________________

A

jelly coat and a vitelline layer

156
Q

the __________________ is an external protective barrier

A

jelly coat

157
Q

the vitelline layer contains _________________________ that are species specific

A

receptors

158
Q

______________________ provides chromosomes during fertilization but nothing else

A

sperm

159
Q

_________________ a fertilized egg

A

zygote

160
Q

embryonic development 4 steps

A
  • cleavage
  • gastrulation
  • neuralation
  • organogenesis
161
Q

________________ is the formation of an early embryo from mitotic divisions of the zygote

A

cleavage

162
Q

the embryo resulting from cleavage is a _________________________

A

blastula

163
Q

_______________________ is a hollow ball of cells

A

blastula

164
Q

____________ hollow center of the blastula

A

clastocole

165
Q

the blastula is approximately the same size of a _____________________

A

zygote

166
Q

cleavage is a rapid cell division without growth

A

each cell is significantly smaller than the zygote

167
Q

_________________ rearranges the position of the blastula’s cells forming an embryonic stage called a __________________

A

gastrulation

gastrula

168
Q

___________________ has three tissue layers and a primitive digestive cavity
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

A

gastrula

169
Q

the digestive cavity of a gastrula __________________

A

archenteron

170
Q

_________________ a region of ectoderm at the top of the gastrula thicken forming the neural plate and neutral fold. The neural plate and folds give rise to the neural tube

A

neuralation

171
Q

the neural tube is a chordata embryonic _____________________________

A

dorsal hollow nerve cord

172
Q

below the neural tube, mesoderm produces the _______________________

A

notochord

173
Q

___________________ during subsequent development the three tissue layers give rise to all of the animals organs and organ systems

A

organogenesis

174
Q

the ectoderm gives rise to the _______________________

A

integumentary and nervus system

175
Q

the endoderm gives rise to the _______________________________________

A

digestive and respiratory systems

176
Q

the mesoderm gives rise to _________________

A

most other organ systems

  • skeletal
  • muscular
  • circulatory

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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