Chapter 46-47 Flashcards
the reproductive system functions in the __________________________
reproduction of offspring
various forms of asexual reproduction are:
- fission
- budding
- fragmentation
- parthanogenesis
______________ asexual reproduction exhibited by sea anemones
fission
_________________ asexual reproduction exhibited by hydras
budding
____________ asexual reproduction exhibited by planarians and sea stars
fragmentation
________________ rotifers and some lizards
parthanogenesis
offspring are produced by way of ________________ in a great majority of animals
sexual reproduction
variation among sexual reproducers
- hemaphradodism and sex reversals
- external and internal fertilization
- oviparity, vivparity, oviparity
sexual reproduction can be challenged for organisms that _______________________
seldom encounter a mate
hemaphrodite have both ________________ reproductive structures
male and female
in hemaphrodites
- both individuals donate and receive sperm when mating
- this ensures that an animal can mate with any individual it encounters
certain animals endergo sex reversals when one sex becomes _______________
rare
during ____________________ eggs and sperm are released into the enviroment where fertilization occurs
external fertilization
external fertilization requires a __________________________________________
moist enviroment and mass spawning
during _________________ sperm are deposited within female reproductive tract where fertilization occurs
copulatory organ
internal fertilization requires ___________________________________
copulatory organ
animals exhibiting internal fertilization may undergo __________________________
different modes of development
in _________________ animals offspring develop and hatch from eggs laid outside of the body
oviparous animals
in _____________________ animals offspring are born after having developed within the uterus
viviparous animals
in __________________ offspring hatch from eggs that develope within uterus
oviviparous animals
___________________ example of offspring develop and hatch from eggs laid outside of the body
reptiles
___________________ example of animals offspring are born after having developed within the uterus
eutherin mmals
______________ example of offspring hatch from eggs that develope within uterus
shark
animal reproductive system generally consist of
- gonads
- a duct system
- accessory glands
- a uterus
gonads: for the _________________ of gametes
production
a duct system: for the _________________________ of gametes
transport
acessory glands: for the _____________________ of gametes
protection and nourishment
a uterus: for the ____________ of offspring
development
________ exist in reproductive anatomy
variation
femal insects possess _________________: organs that store sperm
spermathecase
nonmammalian vertebrates possess a __________
cloaca
___________ a common external opening for the digestive excretory and reproductive system
cloaca
Humans and other mmals typify ______________________
animal and reproductive system
________________ for the protection of gametes
gonads
_________________ for transport of gametes
a duct system
________________ for the protection and nourishment of gametes
acessory glands
___________________ for developement of offspring
uterrus
the primary male sex organ are the ___________________
testes
the male reproductive system also includes a ________________________
duct system, accessory glands, and penis
testes are the males _________________ which produce sperm
gonads
male gamtes
sperm
______________________ projects into the testis as septa, dividing the testis into lobules
tunica albuginea
___________________________ is located into each lobule
semiferous tubules
sperm production occurs within the ___________________
semiferous tubules
the ______________ is a sac suspended from the body (between thighs)
scrotum
testes are located in the ________________
scrotum
sperm can not be produced at normal body temperature ________________, the scrotum hold the testes outside of the abdominopelvic cavity from the body core at a temperature of _______________
37
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___________ is a connective tissue sheath that connect the scrotum to the abdomino pelvic cavity
spermatic cord
_______________ within the spermatic cord are the muscles that contract to bring the testes closer to the body core
cooler temperatures
within the spermatic cord are ________________ that supply the testes
blood vessels and cord
a series of ____________ carries sperm from testes to outside of body
ducts
4 ducts of testes in order
- epididymis
- ductus deferens
- ejaculatory ducts
- urethra
the ___________ is a highly coiled duct that surrouns the superior and posterior testis
epididymis
sperm leave testis in an _____________ state.
immature state
sperm mature as they slowly make their way through the _________________
epididymis
sperm are _____________ from the epididymis , not the testes
ejaculated
_________________ is a very long duct that follows upward from the epididymis
ductus deferens
the ductus deferens travels within the ________________________________ propels sperm into the abdominal pelvic cavity.
spermatic cord
ductus deferens ultimately wraps around the _________________________
urinary bladder
ductus deferens converges with the _____________________ within the prostate glands it forms the ____________________
seminal vesicle
ejaculatory duct
also within the prostate gland, the ejaculatory duct converges with the _________________ exiting the ______________
urethra
urinary bladder
from this point on, the urethra is a common duct for both _______________________
excretion and reproduction
the urethra travels through the ___________________
prostate and penis
seminal duct runs through the _______________
prostate gland
prostate glands in located ______________
under blatter
__________________ produce seminal fluid that gets mixed with sperm during ejaculation
accessory glands
seminal fluid provides _____________ to the sperm, ________________ found in the urethra and female reproductive tract and suppresses the female ___________________________
nutreints
nutralizes acids
immune responce
the combination of sperm plus seminal fluid is called _______________________
semen
3 acessory glands in male reporductive tract
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral gland
________________ are located at the back of the urinary bladder, next to the end of the ductus deferens
seminal vesicles
sperm are first mixed with seminal fluid in the _________________ where the seminal vesicles secrete their fluid
ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicles fluid for _____________ of semen volume
60%
________________ is located inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the beginning of the urethra
prostate gland
the prostate gland fluid acounts for ____________ of semen volume
35%
________________ are tiny galnds that connect to the urthethra within the penis
bulbourethral glands
bulbourethral glands makes up __________ of semen volume
5%
only a _______________ of semen is actully sperm
a tiny fraction
(yet millions are released in a single ejaculation) shows how truely small
the penis is the male _______________________
copulatory organ
penis delivers perm to the ________________
female reproductive tract
the free unattached region of the penis is the _____________
body
the body contains three long cylinders of ___________________
erectile tissue
-single corpus spongiosum and two corpora cavernosa
the spongy erectile tissue fills blood during sexual stimulation allowing the penis to serve as a ___________________
copulatory organ
the attached region of the penis is the ___________ which is attached to the pelivis
root
the bulb is the expansion of the the corpus spongiosum within the root and the crura are the expansions of the ___________________________
corpora cavernosa within the root
the bulb and the cura _______________ the penis in the ____________
anchor
abdomino pelvic cavity
the primary female sex organs are _____________
ovaries
the female reproductive system also includes a _______________
duct system
ovaries are the female _______________ which produce eggs
gonads
the ovaries are anchored ___________________________ by several ligaments
within the abdominopelvic cavity
the ________________ ligments attach the ovaries to the uterus
ovaries
the _____________________ attach the ovaries to the wall of abdominopelvic wall
suspensory ligaments
the ______________ supports the ovaries uterine tubes and uterus
broad ligament
the ovary is surrounded by a ____________________ that does not form septa or lobules
tunica albiginea
the outer region of ovary ____________
cortex
eggs develope in the __________
cortex
a developing egg is surrounded by a follicle, consisting of layers of protective cells plus a fluid-filled ______________ that provided nutrients to the egg
atrum
after ovulation of the egg, the degenerating follicle is called the _________________
corpus leteum
the inner region of the ovary is the _____________
medulla
the inner region of the ovary is the ______________
medulla
the _____________ supply are located within the medulla
ovary blood vessel and nerve supply
___________ carries the eggs from the ovaries to the outside of the body
series of ducts
3 ducts in ovaries
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina
________________ move the egg from the ovary to the uterus
uterine tube
the ____________ is the funnel shaped beginning of the uterine tube that received the eggs ovulated from the ovary
infundibulum
_________________ sweeps eggs from the ovary into the uterine tube
fimbrae
_____________ is a lateral curve of the uterine tube
ampulla
___________________ generally occurs within the ampulla
fertilization
the ________________ forms the majority of the uterine tube
isthmus
_______________ within the isthmus moves the egg through the tube
smooth muscle
________________ produce secretions that keep the egg moist and nourished
simple collumnar
the __________ part of the uterine tube is continuous with the wall of uterus
uterine
the _____________ receives protects and nourished the developing embryo and fetus is fertilization has taken place
uterus
uterus is located anterior to the ____________ and posterior to the ________________
rectum and blatter
the uterine wall consists of ________________________
mymetrium and endometrium lining
myometrium is a thick layer of __________________ that contracts during labor
smooth muscle
________________ surround lumen. the location of implantation by embryo
endometrium
its very ____________: the endomentrium builds up in preparation from implantation and breaks down during ____________
vascular
mestration
the narrow inferior region of the uterus is the _____________
cervix
the ___________ extends from the cervix to the outside of the body
vagina
the vagina serves as a passageway for ____________ and for release of ______________
baby during childbirth
menstrual flows
the vagine also functions as the female _______________ receiving the penis during intercourse
copulatory organ
the vagine is located anterior to the ____________ and posterior to the ________________
rectum
urethra
the female reproductive cycle consists of a combination of _____________________
two coordinated cycles
the _______________ cycle regulates ovulation. the release of an egg from the ovary
ovarian
the ___________ cycle prepares the uterus for pregnancy
the implantation of an embryo into the endometrium
mentral
the ________________________ is controlled by the interactions of various hormones
female reproductive cycle
if fertilization and pregnancy occur the embryo (implanted in the endometrium) releases the hormone _____________________________________
HGC (human chorion gonadotropin)
_________________ maintains the corpus luteum
HGC
___________________ formation of sperm
spermatogenesis
estrogen and progestrone keep endometrium intact
menstration
estrogen and progestrone inhibit the release of fsh and lh, preventing the development of a new ______________
folicle
spermatogonia are located within ______________
serminiferous tubules
spermatids develop into __________________
sperm
an ______________ which will penetrate the egg, surrounds the head
acrosome
if a sperm cell contracts the secondary oocyte, it completes ___________________
meiosis 2
_________________________ gives rise to a mature egg and a polar body
secondary oocyte
egg is fertilizes by __________
sperm
______________ if the formation of gametes
gametogenesis
speragonia reduce primary spermatocytes by ___________________
mitosis
primary spermatocytes undergo ______________________________ to produce secondary spermatocytes
meiosis 1
secondary spermatocytes undergo __________________ to give rise to spermatids
meiosis 2
spermatids develop into __________________
sperm
the head of the sperm is the _____________ region containing the haploid nucleus of DNA
genetic
an __________________________ who penetrate the egg surround the sperm head
acrosome
the mid piece is the _________________ region of the sperm that contains the mitochondria that power the tail
metabolic
the tail is the _________________________ region of a flagellum that propels the sperm through the female reproductive tract
locamotion
___________________ are located within the ovary at birth
oogonia
oogonia produce ______________ by mitosis
primary oocytes
primary oocytes are arrested during ________________ of meiosis 1 until just prior to ovulation
ovulation
at the completion of meiosis 1, a secondary oocyte it completes ____________________
meisos
the egg is fertilized by the sperm, the polar body ____________________
degenerates
____________________ is the union of sperm and egg
fertilization
fertilization combines ________________________ from two individuals and produces a ___________________________
haploid sets of chromosomes
diploid zygote
fertilization initiates ___________________
embryonic development
an egg is surrounded by a ___________________________
jelly coat and a vitelline layer
the __________________ is an external protective barrier
jelly coat
the vitelline layer contains _________________________ that are species specific
receptors
______________________ provides chromosomes during fertilization but nothing else
sperm
_________________ a fertilized egg
zygote
embryonic development 4 steps
- cleavage
- gastrulation
- neuralation
- organogenesis
________________ is the formation of an early embryo from mitotic divisions of the zygote
cleavage
the embryo resulting from cleavage is a _________________________
blastula
_______________________ is a hollow ball of cells
blastula
____________ hollow center of the blastula
clastocole
the blastula is approximately the same size of a _____________________
zygote
cleavage is a rapid cell division without growth
each cell is significantly smaller than the zygote
_________________ rearranges the position of the blastula’s cells forming an embryonic stage called a __________________
gastrulation
gastrula
___________________ has three tissue layers and a primitive digestive cavity
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
gastrula
the digestive cavity of a gastrula __________________
archenteron
_________________ a region of ectoderm at the top of the gastrula thicken forming the neural plate and neutral fold. The neural plate and folds give rise to the neural tube
neuralation
the neural tube is a chordata embryonic _____________________________
dorsal hollow nerve cord
below the neural tube, mesoderm produces the _______________________
notochord
___________________ during subsequent development the three tissue layers give rise to all of the animals organs and organ systems
organogenesis
the ectoderm gives rise to the _______________________
integumentary and nervus system
the endoderm gives rise to the _______________________________________
digestive and respiratory systems
the mesoderm gives rise to _________________
most other organ systems
- skeletal
- muscular
- circulatory
