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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

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1
Q

_______________ is evolution on a larger scale than microevolution

A

macroevolution

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2
Q

the origin of new species rather than changes within species

A

macroevolution

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3
Q

is the process by which an ancestral species gives rise to two or more descendant species

A

speciation

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4
Q

a group of organisms with the potential to breed in nature and produce viable fertile offspring

A

biological species concept

species

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5
Q

advantage of biological species concept

A

the biological species concept can not be applies to fossil organisms or to organisms that reproduce asexually

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6
Q

disadvantage to the biology species concept

A

the biological species concept cannot be applied to fossil organisms or to organisms that reproduce asexually

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7
Q

species are defined as distinct based on differences in shape, size, or other features of their appearance

A

morphology species concept

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8
Q

advantage of morphological species concept

A

the morphological species concept can be applied to all organisms

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9
Q

disadvantage of morphological species concept

A

distinguishing features tend to be subjective

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10
Q

under the biological species concept _______________________ keeps species separate

A

reproductive isolation

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11
Q

two categories of reproductive berries

A
  • prezygotic barriers

- postzygotic barriers

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12
Q

barriers preventing reproduction promoting reproductive isolation will lead to

A

speciation

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13
Q

3 prezygotic barriers prevent individuals of different species from mating

A
  • habitat isolation
  • temporal isolation
  • behavioral isolation
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14
Q

2 pre zygotic barriers prevent fertilization of gametes from individual of different species

A
  • mechanical isolation

- gametic isolation

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15
Q

post zygotic barriers operate after hybrid offspring of individuals of different species have been produced

A
  • reduced hybrid viability
  • reduced hybrid fertility
  • hybrid break down
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16
Q

isolated by geography

A

habitat isolation

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17
Q

reproduce at a different time

A

temporal isolation

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18
Q

courtship rituals prevent attraction

A

behavior isolation

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19
Q

reproductive genitals do not mechanically connect

A

mechanical isolation

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20
Q

sperm die before reaching egg

A

gametic isolation

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21
Q

dies before reaching sexual maturity

A

reduced hybrid viability

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22
Q

hybrid can’t reproduce

A

reduced hybrid fertility

23
Q

2nd generation offspring are not viable or fertile

A

hybrid breakdown

24
Q

reproductive barriers form when a population is split into

A

two or more separate populations

each new population follows its own evolutionary course

25
Q

there are two mechanisms by which a population can be split and speciation can occur

A
  • allopatric speciation

- sympatric speciation

26
Q

during allopatric speciation a ______________________ physically splits a population

A

geographic barrier

27
Q

each new population is subjective to ______________________ independent of other populations
-no flow between them

A

natural selection and genetic drift

28
Q

speciation occurs if reproductive barriers form between the isolated populations and

A

they can no longer form viable fertile offspring if brought back together

29
Q

during _____________ reproductive isolation occurs without geographic isolation

A

sympatric speciation

30
Q

sympatric speciation:

A

normally occurs in plants

but can occur in animals due to sexual selection

31
Q

is a region where individuals of closely related species meet mate and produce hybrid offspring

A

hybrid zone

32
Q

the three possible outcomes when closely related species mate in a hybrid zone

A
  • reinforcement
  • fusion
  • stability
33
Q

____________ involves the strengthening of reproductive barriers

A

reinforcement

34
Q

reinforcement barriers of reproductive barriers occurs when hybrids are

A

less than either parent species

35
Q

the most common outcome of reinforcement

A

over time, the rate hybridization decreases the hybrid zone disappears and the parent species remain separate

36
Q

involved the weakening of reproductive barriers

A

fusion

37
Q

reproductive barriers are weakened when hybrids are as fit as both parent species, parent species become reproductively capable as substantial gene flow occurs between then fusing the two species into a single species

A

fusion

38
Q

involves the continued formation of hybrid offspring

A

stability

39
Q

results when hybrids are less fit than either parent species but gene flow between parent species continues to occur

A

stability

40
Q

stability _____________________________________

A

species remain separate but the hybrid zone persists

41
Q

beyond speciation, macroevolution encompasses the evolution of larger groups of organisms

A

new families classes kingdoms

42
Q

macroevolution included the origin of these unique new structures

A

major groups of organisms are defined by their characteristics

43
Q

new structures may arise by way of

A

refinement or exaptation

44
Q

during ___________ complex structures evolve from simpler structures but have the same general function

A

refinement

45
Q

during ____________________ an existing structures modified for a new function

A

exaptation

46
Q

changes in genes that program the rate or spatial pattern of a species development can lead to the evolution of new structures

A

evo-devo: a field that links evolution to development

47
Q

a field that links evolution to development

A

evo-devo

48
Q

an evolutionary change in the rate of developmental events

A

heterochrony

49
Q

refers to the retention into adulthood of features that were strictly juvenile in a species ancestors

A

paedormorphosis

50
Q

during ______ the rate of reproductive development accelerates relative to the rate of no reproductive development

A

paedormorphosis

51
Q

regulate the expression of many other genes

A

master genes

52
Q

____________________ are master genes that control the formation of body parts during development

A

homeotic genes

53
Q

changes in ____________ called hox genes have led to

A

homeotic genes

  • the evolution of vertebrates from invertebrates
  • the evolution of jaws and limbs

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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