Chapter 52 Flashcards
Biosphere Ecology
_______________ focuses on the entire habitable portion of plant earth
biosphere ecology
biosphere ecology focuses on two things
-global climate patterns
biome distribution
weather pertains to the __________________ of temperature, precipitation, wind speed, ect
current conditions
climate represents a _____________ term description of weather. It is based on averages, variations, extremes, and timing measured over centuries
long term
______________ is the ultimate global source of energy that drives global climate
the sun
its energy is not recieve equally all over earth
near the equator the sun rays strike earths surface ______________________
perpendicularly
toward the poles, the sun’s rays are spread over a ______________________ and take _____________ through the atmosphere
larger area and longer path
solar radiation heats _________________ which warms air above it
earths surface
_____________ is a term to describe that when warm air is less dense than cool air so it rises
uplift
uplift explains __________________________
air pressure decreases with altitude
_____________ air hold less water vapor than _____________ air
cool
warm
as rising air expands and cools, ______________ to form clouds
water vapor condense to form precipitation
___________ recieve the most solar radiation so they have the most precipitiation
tropical regions
uplift of air in tropics results in ___________________
low atmospheric pressure zone
when air reaches its maximum altitude, the air flows north or south toward _________________ where it is ________________
poles
cooled
_______________ the air descends when it cools forming high pressure zones at 30n and 30s.
subsidence
high pressure zone correspond to _______________________
lack of precipitation
major deserts are often high pressure zones
_____________ is the large scale pattern of atmospheric circulation that occurs between o-30
hadley cell
_______________ occurs near the north and south poles due to high pressure zone with little precipitation they are termed ______________
polar cell
polar deserts
the _______________ exists at mid-latitudes
ferrell cells
the three circulation cells
- hadley cell
- polar cell
- ferrell cell
the three circulation cells result in 3 climate zones
-tropical, temperate, polar
_________________ is defined as
objects at equator move east at 1040 mph
object north or south of equator move to east at 520 mph
coriolis effect
an air mass at the equator that flows toward the poles is moving faster than the ground below it appears to be deflected to the ______________
east
air flowing from a higher latitude back to the equator is moving slower than the ground below it apppears to be deflected to the ____________
west
the ____________________ results in air movements called _______________ in each atmospheric circulation
corolis effect
prevailing winds
prevailing winds
trade winds in hadley cell
westerlies in ferrel cells
easterlies in polar cells
____________ are driven by prevailing winds modified by continets
ocedan currents
water has a ________________ than land
higher specific heat
costal areas have a ________________________
maritime climate
little daily or seasonal variation
areas in the center of a continent have a ______________________
continental variation
there is great variation daily and seasonally
air cools ____________________ for every 1000m increase in elevation so mountains are cooler than lowlands
6-10*
maintain ranges create a ___________________
the _____________ slope recieve much precipitation
the __ slope receives littleprecipitation
rainshadow effect
windward
leeward
average annual temperatures become preogessively cooler moving away from the ____________________________________
equator toward poles
hadly, ferrel, and polar cells lead to precipitation being ________________ in tropical and _____________ at the poles
highest
lowest
the earths tilt at an angle of _____________ relative to the suns direct rays
23.5*
the angle and intensity of suns rays striking point on earth vary as earth orbits the sun this results in
seasonal variation in climate
only at the equator are there 12 hours of daylight throughout the year
in the tropphics seasons are marked by just slight changes in precipitation
_________________________ zones have seasonal variation in solar radiation
temperate and polar
temperature and polar zones have varying ____________________
temeratures and daylengths
during the ______________________ the suns rays fall directly on the equator and daylight lasts 12 hours everywhere on earth
spring and fall equinoxes
during ____________ the suns rays fall direstly on the trophic cancer, the sun never sets above the artic circle and it never rises below the artic circle
summer solsitice
during __________ the sun never rises above the artic circle and never sets below the artic circle
winter solstice
a __________________ is the largest category of ecosystems studied by ecologists
biome
a biome is decided by __________________
global climate patterns
biomes are identified based on ________________
dominat plant forms
_________________ is the biomes that is 10* N and Suuth
tropical rainforests
tropical rainforests are:
-___________ all year
-_____________ greater than 20cm
_________ off any terrestrial biomes
warm
annual precipitation
highest species diversity
___________ have the highest biomass and productivity of all bioms
tropical rainforests
what plants dominate tropical rainforests
tall evergree tree form a dense canopy
very little light reaches the forest floor so understory plants are __________ in tropical rain forests
shade tolerant
__________________ ls the biome that lies between 10-23.5n. 1-2 dry seasons per year
tropical grass lands
________________________ has a high species diversity but not as high as tropical rainforests
tropical grasslands
savannas
tropical grasslands are also called
savannas
how many dry seasons a year do savannas have
1-2
what is plant diversity like in savannas
made mostly of grasses with scattered trees and shrubs
when trees are abundant savannas may be referres to as ____________________ however trees are deciduous
tropical seasonal forest
highly adapted to fire grazing by large herbivorous mammals
_____________________ are located 30* North and south and are associated with high pressure zones
deserts
deserts annual precipitation ______________
annual temerature ________________
less than 25cm
high temperature
describe desert vegetation and animal population
many succulents
little species diversity
_____________________ toots allow succulents to absorb max water during short hard rains
shallow wide
_______________ is located between 30-50* north and sounth
temperate grasslands
temperature variation in temerate grasslands
precipitation in temperate grasslands
seasonal temperature variation
precipitation spread throughout the year
____________ is the biome most adapted by humans for agriculture
temperate grasslands
__________________ is the biome that lies between 30-40* n and south
temperature shrubland
examples of temperate shrub land
mediterranean climate
southern california
specied diversity of shrubland
fairly high species diversity
temperate shrublands are adapted to depend on _________________
fires
_________________ lie between 30-50* north or south
temperate deciduous forests
temperature and preipitation of temperate diciduous rainforest
cold winters and mild summers
fairly reliable percipitation
leaves lost during the winter
species diversity in temperate deciduous forests
high species diverity
________________ lies between 30-50* north and south and has mild rainy winters with cool summers
temperate evergeen forests
temperate evergreen forests are dominate by what types of plants
evergreen large conifers
temperate evergreen forests have a _____________ biomass but ____________ species diversity
high
low
boreal forests also called ____________________ lie between 50-65*n. Composed of conifers. Low species diversty
taiga
taiga can have ______________ soil that is perminately frozen below one meters depth
permafrost
_______________ above 65* n latitudes. cold temperatures and low precipitation year round. Permafrost. some grasses, annuals, and low growing shrubs but mostly mossess and lichens. no trees
tundra
______________ is the polar ice in the northern hemisphere
greenland
____________ is polar ice in the southern hemisphere.
antartica
______________________temperature and precipitation change with elevation resulting in zones similar to biomes
on mountains
________________ is a lower mountain zone
temperate grassland or shrubland
______________ is a mountain zone in montane zone
temperate deciduous evergreen forest
___________________ is a mountain zone in subalpine zone
boreal zone
___________________ is a mountain zone subalpine zone
tundra
_____________ the study of freshwater biomes is termed
limnology
_____________ is divided into the study of lotic and lentic systems
limnology
lotic systems consist of _________ water, rivers and streams
flowing
lentic system consist of _________ water, lakes and ponds
still
streams that originate at the highest altitudes are called first order streams (2 statements)
- narrow, shallow, cold, and fast moving
- high oxygen content but low nutrient content
___________ streams converge to form _________________ streams
first order streams
second order streams
the largest rivers leading into lakes or the ocean are sixth order streams or greater
- wide deep warmer and slow moving
- low oxygen content but high nutrient
______________ is flowing water of the main channel
pelagic zone
organism in this zone are called ____________, which are swimmers capable of overcoming the current
nekton
__________________ is the bottum of the river or stream
benthic zone
organisms in this zone include bottom dwellers
invertebrates such as insect larvae
_____________________ are determined by depth and degree of light penetration
biological zones
estuaries occur at the junctions between ___________________
rivers and oceans
salinity varies as freshwater flows in from the river and saltwater flows in from the ocean
estuaries are very productive
___________ is the largest biome
marine biome
_________________ occurs at the junction between marine and terrestrial ecosystem
intertidal zone
_____________ alternates between marine and terrestrial with the rise and fall of tides
the biome
the most abundant organism of intertidal zones
marine invertebrates and algae. very tolerant to desiccation and salinity
coral reefs are found in _______________
warm tropical waters shallow along equator
coral reefs are habitat to enormous diversity of marine species and thus have __________________
highest biomess
kelp forests are found in _____________ waters
cold shallow waters
_______________ support a large diversity of life including other algae invertebrates fishes and marine mammals
kelp forests
________________ is the open ocean. it extends to approximately 200 m in depth supports the higest density of organisms
pelagic zone
______________ are squids fishes sea turtles and marine mmals popular in pelagic zone
nekton
________________ and _____________ are also popular in pelagic zone
phytoplankton and zzooplankton
_________________ is the ocean floor. temperature are near freezing and pressure is high
benthic zone
oranisms living in benthic zone live in ________________________
sediment. these organisms feed on detritus falling from the pelagic zone
benthic zone have scattered ______________ produce heat as well as inorganic molecules such as hydrogen sulfide
hydrothermal vents
during chemsynthesis, chemautotrophic bacteria use H2S as an electron donor to convert COS into otganic carbon
this productivity supports high biodiversity in the benthic zone
