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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 52 > Flashcards

Chapter 52 Flashcards

Biosphere Ecology

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1
Q

_______________ focuses on the entire habitable portion of plant earth

A

biosphere ecology

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2
Q

biosphere ecology focuses on two things

A

-global climate patterns

biome distribution

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3
Q

weather pertains to the __________________ of temperature, precipitation, wind speed, ect

A

current conditions

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4
Q

climate represents a _____________ term description of weather. It is based on averages, variations, extremes, and timing measured over centuries

A

long term

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5
Q

______________ is the ultimate global source of energy that drives global climate

A

the sun

its energy is not recieve equally all over earth

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6
Q

near the equator the sun rays strike earths surface ______________________

A

perpendicularly

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7
Q

toward the poles, the sun’s rays are spread over a ______________________ and take _____________ through the atmosphere

A

larger area and longer path

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8
Q

solar radiation heats _________________ which warms air above it

A

earths surface

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9
Q

_____________ is a term to describe that when warm air is less dense than cool air so it rises

A

uplift

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10
Q

uplift explains __________________________

A

air pressure decreases with altitude

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11
Q

_____________ air hold less water vapor than _____________ air

A

cool

warm

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12
Q

as rising air expands and cools, ______________ to form clouds

A

water vapor condense to form precipitation

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13
Q

___________ recieve the most solar radiation so they have the most precipitiation

A

tropical regions

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14
Q

uplift of air in tropics results in ___________________

A

low atmospheric pressure zone

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15
Q

when air reaches its maximum altitude, the air flows north or south toward _________________ where it is ________________

A

poles

cooled

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16
Q

_______________ the air descends when it cools forming high pressure zones at 30n and 30s.

A

subsidence

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17
Q

high pressure zone correspond to _______________________

A

lack of precipitation

major deserts are often high pressure zones

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18
Q

_____________ is the large scale pattern of atmospheric circulation that occurs between o-30

A

hadley cell

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19
Q

_______________ occurs near the north and south poles due to high pressure zone with little precipitation they are termed ______________

A

polar cell

polar deserts

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20
Q

the _______________ exists at mid-latitudes

A

ferrell cells

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21
Q

the three circulation cells

A
  • hadley cell
  • polar cell
  • ferrell cell
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22
Q

the three circulation cells result in 3 climate zones

A

-tropical, temperate, polar

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23
Q

_________________ is defined as
objects at equator move east at 1040 mph
object north or south of equator move to east at 520 mph

A

coriolis effect

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24
Q

an air mass at the equator that flows toward the poles is moving faster than the ground below it appears to be deflected to the ______________

A

east

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25
Q

air flowing from a higher latitude back to the equator is moving slower than the ground below it apppears to be deflected to the ____________

A

west

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26
Q

the ____________________ results in air movements called _______________ in each atmospheric circulation

A

corolis effect

prevailing winds

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27
Q

prevailing winds

A

trade winds in hadley cell
westerlies in ferrel cells
easterlies in polar cells

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28
Q

____________ are driven by prevailing winds modified by continets

A

ocedan currents

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29
Q

water has a ________________ than land

A

higher specific heat

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30
Q

costal areas have a ________________________

A

maritime climate

little daily or seasonal variation

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31
Q

areas in the center of a continent have a ______________________

A

continental variation

there is great variation daily and seasonally

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32
Q

air cools ____________________ for every 1000m increase in elevation so mountains are cooler than lowlands

A

6-10*

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33
Q

maintain ranges create a ___________________
the _____________ slope recieve much precipitation
the __ slope receives littleprecipitation

A

rainshadow effect
windward
leeward

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34
Q

average annual temperatures become preogessively cooler moving away from the ____________________________________

A

equator toward poles

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35
Q

hadly, ferrel, and polar cells lead to precipitation being ________________ in tropical and _____________ at the poles

A

highest

lowest

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36
Q

the earths tilt at an angle of _____________ relative to the suns direct rays

A

23.5*

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37
Q

the angle and intensity of suns rays striking point on earth vary as earth orbits the sun this results in

A

seasonal variation in climate

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38
Q

only at the equator are there 12 hours of daylight throughout the year

A

in the tropphics seasons are marked by just slight changes in precipitation

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39
Q

_________________________ zones have seasonal variation in solar radiation

A

temperate and polar

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40
Q

temperature and polar zones have varying ____________________

A

temeratures and daylengths

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41
Q

during the ______________________ the suns rays fall directly on the equator and daylight lasts 12 hours everywhere on earth

A

spring and fall equinoxes

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42
Q

during ____________ the suns rays fall direstly on the trophic cancer, the sun never sets above the artic circle and it never rises below the artic circle

A

summer solsitice

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43
Q

during __________ the sun never rises above the artic circle and never sets below the artic circle

A

winter solstice

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44
Q

a __________________ is the largest category of ecosystems studied by ecologists

A

biome

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45
Q

a biome is decided by __________________

A

global climate patterns

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46
Q

biomes are identified based on ________________

A

dominat plant forms

47
Q

_________________ is the biomes that is 10* N and Suuth

A

tropical rainforests

48
Q

tropical rainforests are:
-___________ all year
-_____________ greater than 20cm
_________ off any terrestrial biomes

A

warm
annual precipitation
highest species diversity

49
Q

___________ have the highest biomass and productivity of all bioms

A

tropical rainforests

50
Q

what plants dominate tropical rainforests

A

tall evergree tree form a dense canopy

51
Q

very little light reaches the forest floor so understory plants are __________ in tropical rain forests

A

shade tolerant

52
Q

__________________ ls the biome that lies between 10-23.5n. 1-2 dry seasons per year

A

tropical grass lands

53
Q

________________________ has a high species diversity but not as high as tropical rainforests

A

tropical grasslands

savannas

54
Q

tropical grasslands are also called

A

savannas

55
Q

how many dry seasons a year do savannas have

A

1-2

56
Q

what is plant diversity like in savannas

A

made mostly of grasses with scattered trees and shrubs

57
Q

when trees are abundant savannas may be referres to as ____________________ however trees are deciduous

A

tropical seasonal forest

highly adapted to fire grazing by large herbivorous mammals

58
Q

_____________________ are located 30* North and south and are associated with high pressure zones

A

deserts

59
Q

deserts annual precipitation ______________

annual temerature ________________

A

less than 25cm

high temperature

60
Q

describe desert vegetation and animal population

A

many succulents

little species diversity

61
Q

_____________________ toots allow succulents to absorb max water during short hard rains

A

shallow wide

62
Q

_______________ is located between 30-50* north and sounth

A

temperate grasslands

63
Q

temperature variation in temerate grasslands

precipitation in temperate grasslands

A

seasonal temperature variation

precipitation spread throughout the year

64
Q

____________ is the biome most adapted by humans for agriculture

A

temperate grasslands

65
Q

__________________ is the biome that lies between 30-40* n and south

A

temperature shrubland

66
Q

examples of temperate shrub land

A

mediterranean climate

southern california

67
Q

specied diversity of shrubland

A

fairly high species diversity

68
Q

temperate shrublands are adapted to depend on _________________

A

fires

69
Q

_________________ lie between 30-50* north or south

A

temperate deciduous forests

70
Q

temperature and preipitation of temperate diciduous rainforest

A

cold winters and mild summers
fairly reliable percipitation
leaves lost during the winter

71
Q

species diversity in temperate deciduous forests

A

high species diverity

72
Q

________________ lies between 30-50* north and south and has mild rainy winters with cool summers

A

temperate evergeen forests

73
Q

temperate evergreen forests are dominate by what types of plants

A

evergreen large conifers

74
Q

temperate evergreen forests have a _____________ biomass but ____________ species diversity

A

high

low

75
Q

boreal forests also called ____________________ lie between 50-65*n. Composed of conifers. Low species diversty

A

taiga

76
Q

taiga can have ______________ soil that is perminately frozen below one meters depth

A

permafrost

77
Q

_______________ above 65* n latitudes. cold temperatures and low precipitation year round. Permafrost. some grasses, annuals, and low growing shrubs but mostly mossess and lichens. no trees

A

tundra

78
Q

______________ is the polar ice in the northern hemisphere

A

greenland

79
Q

____________ is polar ice in the southern hemisphere.

A

antartica

80
Q

______________________temperature and precipitation change with elevation resulting in zones similar to biomes

A

on mountains

81
Q

________________ is a lower mountain zone

A

temperate grassland or shrubland

82
Q

______________ is a mountain zone in montane zone

A

temperate deciduous evergreen forest

83
Q

___________________ is a mountain zone in subalpine zone

A

boreal zone

84
Q

___________________ is a mountain zone subalpine zone

A

tundra

85
Q

_____________ the study of freshwater biomes is termed

A

limnology

86
Q

_____________ is divided into the study of lotic and lentic systems

A

limnology

87
Q

lotic systems consist of _________ water, rivers and streams

A

flowing

88
Q

lentic system consist of _________ water, lakes and ponds

A

still

89
Q

streams that originate at the highest altitudes are called first order streams (2 statements)

A
  • narrow, shallow, cold, and fast moving

- high oxygen content but low nutrient content

90
Q

___________ streams converge to form _________________ streams

A

first order streams

second order streams

91
Q

the largest rivers leading into lakes or the ocean are sixth order streams or greater

A
  • wide deep warmer and slow moving

- low oxygen content but high nutrient

92
Q

______________ is flowing water of the main channel

A

pelagic zone

93
Q

organism in this zone are called ____________, which are swimmers capable of overcoming the current

A

nekton

94
Q

__________________ is the bottum of the river or stream

A

benthic zone

95
Q

organisms in this zone include bottom dwellers

A

invertebrates such as insect larvae

96
Q

_____________________ are determined by depth and degree of light penetration

A

biological zones

97
Q

estuaries occur at the junctions between ___________________

A

rivers and oceans

98
Q

salinity varies as freshwater flows in from the river and saltwater flows in from the ocean

A

estuaries are very productive

99
Q

___________ is the largest biome

A

marine biome

100
Q

_________________ occurs at the junction between marine and terrestrial ecosystem

A

intertidal zone

101
Q

_____________ alternates between marine and terrestrial with the rise and fall of tides

A

the biome

102
Q

the most abundant organism of intertidal zones

A

marine invertebrates and algae. very tolerant to desiccation and salinity

103
Q

coral reefs are found in _______________

A

warm tropical waters shallow along equator

104
Q

coral reefs are habitat to enormous diversity of marine species and thus have __________________

A

highest biomess

105
Q

kelp forests are found in _____________ waters

A

cold shallow waters

106
Q

_______________ support a large diversity of life including other algae invertebrates fishes and marine mammals

A

kelp forests

107
Q

________________ is the open ocean. it extends to approximately 200 m in depth supports the higest density of organisms

A

pelagic zone

108
Q

______________ are squids fishes sea turtles and marine mmals popular in pelagic zone

A

nekton

109
Q

________________ and _____________ are also popular in pelagic zone

A

phytoplankton and zzooplankton

110
Q

_________________ is the ocean floor. temperature are near freezing and pressure is high

A

benthic zone

111
Q

oranisms living in benthic zone live in ________________________

A

sediment. these organisms feed on detritus falling from the pelagic zone

112
Q

benthic zone have scattered ______________ produce heat as well as inorganic molecules such as hydrogen sulfide

A

hydrothermal vents

113
Q

during chemsynthesis, chemautotrophic bacteria use H2S as an electron donor to convert COS into otganic carbon

A

this productivity supports high biodiversity in the benthic zone

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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