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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 41 > Flashcards

Chapter 41 Flashcards

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1
Q

an animals diet must satisfy these three things:

A
  • chemical energy: fuel to power body
  • organic molecules: raw nutrients to build an animals own molecules
  • essental nutrients: substances the animal cannot make for itself
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2
Q

food energy is used to produce ____________ which powers the activities of cells and ultimately entire organisms

A

ATP

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3
Q

ATP is usually maintained from ________________ and stored or burned during __________________

A

carbohydrates or lipids

cellular respiration

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4
Q

macromolecules are __________________ and used as raw materials needed for animals own macromolecules

A

dissassembled

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5
Q

_______________ is the maintance growth and reproduction that occurs when macromolecules are dissassembled and reassembled

A

biosynthesis

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6
Q

________________ is a molecule that obtained from carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

A

carbon

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7
Q

___________________________ is a molecule obtained from proteins and nucleic acids

A

nitrogen

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8
Q

4 certain nutrients must be obtained in preassembled form because an animal cannot manufacture them from raw materials

A
  • essential amino acids
  • esssential fatty acids
  • vitamins
  • minerals
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9
Q

4 certain nutrients must be obtained in __________because an animal cannot manufacture them from raw materials

A

preassembled form

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10
Q

proteins are built from _____________ different amino acids

A

20

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11
Q

animals can produce _________ amino acids on their own

A

12

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12
Q

__________ amino acids must be directly consumed

A

8, the essential amino acids

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13
Q

________________ are complete proteins providing _______________ amino acids

A

animal proteins ex- eggs, milk, meat, cheese

all 8 essential

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14
Q

__________________ are incomplete proteins lacking _______________________ amino acids

A

plant proteins

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15
Q

specific plant combinations are required to obtain _____________

A

all 8 essential proteins

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16
Q

___________________ are synthesized by linking fatty acids to glycerol

A

fats and phospholipids

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17
Q

animals __________________ their fatty acids

A

synthesize most of

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18
Q

a few _________________ cannot be synthesized and must be consumed by animals

A

unsaturated fatty acids (essential fatty acids

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19
Q

________________ is used to manufacture of membrane phospholipids

A

linoleic acid

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20
Q

example of ample amounts of essential fatty acids

A

seeds, grains, and vegetables

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21
Q

_______________ are organic molecules required in an animals diet in very small quantities

A

vitamins

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22
Q

animals require _____________________

A

13 different vitamins

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23
Q

__________________ are inorganic nutrients required in an animals diet in very small quantities

A

minerals

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24
Q

4 functions of digestive system

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination
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25
Q

_____________ is taking food into body

A

ingestion

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26
Q

____________ processing food, breaking down into its component nutrients

A

digestion

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27
Q

what are the 2 kinds of digestion

A
  • mechanical digestion

- chemical digestion

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28
Q

________________ physically break downs food into its smaller parts

A

mechanical digestion

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29
Q

_________________ breaks food into its component nutrients by way of enzymes

A

chemical digestion

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30
Q

_________________ transporting the nutrients into the bloodstream so they can be delivered to all of the body cells

A

absorption

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31
Q

_______________ not all component of food can be digested and absorbed. Undigestible wastes are eliminated form body by way of defication

A

elimination of waste

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32
Q

sponges exhibit ________________ digestion

A

intracellular

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33
Q

in ______________________ food particles are trapped by choanocytes and digested in ameobocytes

A

intacellular digestion

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34
Q

ingestion porifera cells

A

choanocytes

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35
Q

digestion porifera cells

A

ameobocytes

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36
Q

all other animals exhibit ______________________

A

extracellular digestion

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37
Q

during _____________________ digestion occurs outside of an animals cells. occurs within compartments that are continuos with the outside of the animals body. nutrients are them absorbed by cells

A

extracellular digestion

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38
Q

cnidarians and flatworms possess a __________________________

A

gastrovascular cavity

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39
Q

in a gastrovascular cavity:
_______________________ occurs within the cavity
a single opening functions in ____________________________

A

digestion and absorbtion

ingestion and elimination

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40
Q

animals other than (porifera, cnidarians, and flatworms) possess an ________________

A

alimentary canal

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41
Q

________________________ is a digestive canal is a digestive tube that extends between two openings

A

alimentary canal

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42
Q

____________________ are compartmentalized within specific organs along the length of the alimentary canal

A

digestion and absorption

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43
Q

________________ connect to the alimentary canal and secrete products into its way of ducts

A

accessory digestive glands

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44
Q

_______________________ is the entrance into the alimentary canal and is the only digestive organ that function in ______________________

A

oral cavity- ingestion

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45
Q

oral cavity begin the process of ___________________

A

mechanical and chemical digestion

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46
Q

_________________ function in mechanical digestion by way of chewing

A

teeth

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47
Q

________________ secrete ___________ into the oral cavity by way of ducts that contain enzymes to initiate chemical digestion

A

salivary glands

saliva

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48
Q

sliva contains the enzymes ____________ to initiate the digestion of ___________

A

amylase

starch

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49
Q

________________ aids in mechaincal and chemical digestion. The tongue mixes food with saliva

A

tongue

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50
Q

___________________ mixed food with siliva

A

bolus

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51
Q

the pharynx ____________________ is a common passage for food and air

A

throat

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52
Q

the pharynx ____________________________________________

A

propels food from the oral cavity to the esophagus

53
Q

____________________ connects the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

54
Q

______________ propels food through the esophagus

A

peristalsis

55
Q

peristalsis is accomplished by way of __________________

A

smooth muscle tissue

56
Q

_______________ lines the inner wall of the esophagus to protect aginst abrasion

A

stratied squamos

57
Q

there is no ___________________ in esophagus

A

digestion or absoption

58
Q

the stomach is a _____________________ in which the bolus is __________________

A

storage organ

mechanical and chemically digested

59
Q

__________________ digestes proteins

A

gastric juice

60
Q

_________________________ composed gastric juice

A

hydrochloic acids and the enzyme pepsin

61
Q

gastric juice is produced and secreted by the stomachs _____________________

A

simple collumnar epithelium

62
Q

_____________ in the stomach churns the food to mechanically digest it

A

smooth muscle

63
Q

by the time food leave the stomach it is in a liquid form called ____________________

A

chyme

64
Q

___________________ is found between esophagus and stomach

A

cardiac sphincter

65
Q

the cardiac sphincter keeps ____________________________

A

stomach acid from flowing into the esophagus

66
Q

__________________________ is found between the stomach and the deodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

67
Q

_________________________ the beginning of small intestine

A

deodenum

68
Q

pyloric sphincter regulated the passge of _______________ into the small intestine

A

chyme

69
Q

_______________ is the major digestive system organ

A

small intestine

70
Q

__________________________ is complete in the small intestion but almost all _________________ occurs in small intestine

A

digestion

absorption

71
Q

three region of small intestine

A
  • deudenum
  • jejunum
  • lleum
72
Q

_____________ shortest region that connects the stomach. where final digestion occurs

A

duodenum

73
Q

_________________ middle region of small intestion where most absorption occurs

A

jenunum

74
Q

______________ the longest region that connects to the large intestine. where final absorption occurs

A

lleum

75
Q

small intestine inner lining forms ________________________________

A

folds which slow chyme passage

76
Q

the small intestine has a _________________________

A

huge surface area for absorption

77
Q

the intestine __________ increase its ____________

A

length surface area

78
Q

the circular folds consists of projections called ____________________ which increase their surface area

A

villi

79
Q

the villi contain _____________ which further increase surface area

A

microvilli

80
Q

within each villus is a _____________ a capillary network into which nutrients are absorbed

A

lacteal

81
Q

__________________ connect to the alimentary canal by way of __________

A

liver, gallblatter, pancreas

ducts

82
Q

liver, gallblatter, pancreas secrete their products into the _____________________

A

deodenum

83
Q

______________ produce bile

A

liver

84
Q

bile is secreted into the ______________________

A

right and left hepatic ducts

85
Q

right and left hepatic ducts merge to form the _______________

A

common hepatic duct

86
Q

liver stores ________________________

A

glucose in the form of glycogen

87
Q

the gallblatter _____________________________

A

stores and concentrate bile produce by liver

88
Q

________________ carries bile to and from the gall bladder

A

cystic ducts

89
Q

_____________________________ merge to form the common bile duct

A

cystic ducts and common hepatic duct

90
Q

________________ secrete pancreatic juice into the main pancreatic duct

A

pancreas

91
Q

the main pancreatic duct and and common bile duct merge into the

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

92
Q

hepatopancreatic ampulla empties bile and pancreatic juice into ________________________________

A

deudenum by way of major duodenal papilla

93
Q

pancreatic juice is an ____________ solution that __________________________ entering the

A

alkaline

neutralizing the acidic chyme

94
Q

_____________________ is not as long as the small intestine, but has a much larger diameter

A

large intestine

95
Q

the large intestine function in the absorption of _______________ from the remaining _________________ converting it to _________________

A

water chyme feces

96
Q

the large intestine is the only allimentary canal organ involved in _____________________

A

ellimnination of feces

97
Q

the begging of the large intestine is a blind ended sace called _____________

A

cecum

98
Q

the _______________ of the small intestine is connected to the ___________ of the large intestine

A

ileum

cecum

99
Q

__________________ is a slender organ attached to the cecum

A

appendix

100
Q

the appendix contains _______________

A

lympatic tissue

101
Q

_________________ of the large intestine forms a frame around the small intestine

A

colon

102
Q

the colon lead to the rectum, an organ that __________________ until it can be eliminated

A

stores the feces

103
Q

the rectum leads to the _________________ the final portion of the large intestine (and therefore of the entire elementary canal_

A

final portion of large intestine

104
Q

________________ contains two muscular _________________ that regulate defecation

A

anus

sphincters

105
Q

_________________ have two seperate organs in place of a single stomach

A

earthworms

  • crop
  • gizzard
106
Q

the crop _________ food

A

stores

107
Q

the gizzard __________ food

A

digests

108
Q

__________ have a crop, stomach, gizzard

A

birds

109
Q

_________ feeders strain small food particles from the water

A

filter

110
Q

_________ feeders strain small food particles from water

A

fluid

111
Q

_______________ feeders ingest large pieces of food

A

bulk

112
Q

herbivores eat _________

A

plants or algae

113
Q

carnivores eat ___________

A

other animals

114
Q

omnivores eat _____________

A

plants and other animals

115
Q

a significantly lower _______________. Herbivores do not need to chase or capture prey. Prey are therefore easier to obtain.

A

energy expenditure

116
Q

________ is an essential mineral nutrient for animals but not for plants.

A

sodium

117
Q

herbivores must supplement their diets with natural ___________________

A

salt licks

118
Q

plants have a ________________ ration

A

high carbon to nitrogen

119
Q

animals have a __________________

A

low carbon to nitrogen ratio

120
Q

to obtain enough nitrogen, herbavors must eat __________ plants

A

more

121
Q

plants have defenses:

physical: _____________
chemical: _____________

A

thorins and spins

toxins

122
Q

another difficulty of herbiovority

A

plants contain large amounts of cellulose and lignin which are indigestable for animals

123
Q

herbavors tend to have a _______________________________________

A

much larger and longer intestine. This reflects the longer time needed to process vegatation.

124
Q

most herbavores have _______________ relations with ___________

A

mutualistic

microorganisms

125
Q

horses and koalas house microorganisms within the __________________

A

cecum

126
Q

rabbits exhibit ________________

A

coprophagy

127
Q

_____________________ reconsuming feces recovers nutrients available in the large intestine after absorption has already occured in the small intestine

A

coprophagy

128
Q

____________ exhibited by sheep and cattle. They possess a four chambered stomach containing prokaryotes and protists

A

ruminants

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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