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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

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1
Q

___________________ represents the sequence and the dates of the major events the history of earth

A

geological time scale

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2
Q

three eons compromise earth’s history

A
  • archean
  • proterozoic
  • phanerozoic
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3
Q

most ancient eon

A

archaean

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4
Q

archaean and proterozic are collectively referred to as

A

precambrian

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5
Q

middle eon

A

protereozoic

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6
Q

current eon

A

phanerozoic

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7
Q

each eon is divided into

A

eras

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8
Q

three eras of the phanerozoic eon

A
  • paleozoic
  • mesozoic
  • cenozoic (current)
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9
Q

eras are divided into

A

periods

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10
Q

periods are divided into

A

epochs

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11
Q

age of earth

A

4.6 billion

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12
Q

the boundaries of geological time scales eon, eras, and certain periods correspond to

A
  • mass extinction events

- a major adaptive radiation (rapid speciation) of survivors

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13
Q

the sequence of fossils

A

provides relative dates not numerical dates

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14
Q

____________ enables determination of numerical dates

A

radiometric dating

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15
Q

radiometric dating is based on the decay of

A

radioactive isotopes

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16
Q

while alive organisms assimilate different isotopes of an element into their bodies in the same proportion as the isotopes abundance in the environment

A

once dead, organisms stop assimilating isotopes, the non radio isotopes remain fixed but he radioactive isotopes begin to decay

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17
Q

a radioactive isotopes ________________ is the number of years it takes for half of the isotope to decay

A

half-life

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18
Q

half life is a _____________________

A

constant value

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19
Q

isotopes of carbon include

A

C12
C13
C14

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20
Q

Radio active carbon ____________

half-life: ________________________

A

C14

5730

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21
Q

example a fossil is discovered with 1/4 the carbon 14.

A

The fossil has gone through 2 half lives
1/2 * 1/2 =1/4
The fossil is 11460

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22
Q

other radioactive isotopes live much longer so older dates can be determines example ____________________________

A

including uranium 4.5 billion year half life

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23
Q

each existed without life for

A

1.1 billion years. The atmosphere and oceans had yet to form.

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24
Q

life first evolved

A

3.5 billion years ago

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25
Q

all organism arise from preexisting organisms

A

and all cells arise from pre existing cells

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26
Q

early each was a very different environment

A

the original atmosphere consisted of very different collection of gasses than todays atmosphere

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27
Q

some of the early atmosphere gasses were

A

nitrogen, ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, water vapor, BUT NO OXYGEN

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28
Q

the primitive oceans were

A

much warmer

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29
Q

there was much _______________ on early earth

A

volcanic and lightening activity

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30
Q

biologists agree on a four stage sequence of events by which life could have evolved from non life as each stage is backed by supporting evidence

A
  • synthesis of organic monomers from inorganic molecules
  • the synthesis of polymers from monomers
  • the packaging of polymers into membrane cells
  • the replication of protocells
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31
Q

synthesis of monomers

A

opaline and haldane

miller and urey

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32
Q

hypothesized that organic monomers could be formed from inorganic molecules under conditions of earth’s earth atmosphere

A

opaline and haldane

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33
Q

constructed an experiment apparatus to simulate early earth and test opaline and haldane’s hypothesis

A

miller and urey

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34
Q

miller and urey were able to produce a

A

single amino acid

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35
Q

organic monomers may also have formed from inorganic molecules

A
  • near deep sea hydrothermal vents

- in space vents carried to earth by mediorites

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36
Q

polymers were synthesized by

A

solutions of monomer exposed to hot rocks will polymerize

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37
Q

______________ are “pre cells”, membranous droplets that maintain an internal composition difference from that of their surroundings environment

A

protocells

38
Q

protocols would have resulted from polymers being packaged within spontaneously-forming

A

lipid aggregates

39
Q

DNA requires ____________________ while enzymes are synthesized using

A

enzymes (proteins) for replication,

DNA as a template

40
Q

Which cam first DNA or Proteins

A

RNA

41
Q

RNA molecules that serve as enzymes _______________. The could catalyze chemical reactions including their own replication

A

ribosimes

42
Q

over time chemical evolution gave rise to

A

biological evolution

-The proteocells able to replicate themselves were selected for, ultimately resulted in true cells

43
Q

early organisms were

A
  • heterotrophic
  • anerobic
  • aquatic
  • unicellular
44
Q

define anerobic

A

oxogen was not present so fermentation was the metabolic pathway

45
Q

define heterotrophic

A

consuming the small organic molecules present in the seas

46
Q

heterotrophic prokaryotes began to

A

deplete the available nutrients in primordial seas

47
Q

once autotrophy evolved those prokaryotes that could make they own food gains a selective advantage these prokaryotes were known as

A

cyanobacteria- earths first photosynthesizes

48
Q

oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere

A

2.7 bya

49
Q

__________ was a poison to most anaerobic prokaryotes. The evolution of cellular respiration as a metabolic pathway led to aerobic prokaryotes were all a result of the introduction of this

A

oxygen

50
Q

2.5 bya

a mass extinction occurred as increasing oxygen levels resulted in the death of most anaerobic prokaryotes

A

archean and protozoic boundary \

an adaptive radiation of aerobic survivors then followed

51
Q

2.5 bya- 542 mya

the first unicellular eukaryotic organisms evolved 2.1 bya

A

proterozoic eon

52
Q

prokaryotic inhabited earth alone for

A

1.4 bya alone

53
Q

the first eukaryotic organisms were

A

protists

54
Q

eukaryotic evolution began with an ancestral prokaryote that

A
  • was surrounded by a plasma membrane

- DNA in its nucleoid region

55
Q

the infolding of the plasma membrane gave rise to

A

the nucleus and the endomembrane system

56
Q

endomembrane system organelles

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
57
Q

in _____________________ a smaller prokaryotic cell (with nucleus and endomembrane system)

A

endosymbiosis

58
Q

engulfed aerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes gave rise to

A

mitochondria

59
Q

engulfed autotrophic prokaryotes gave rise to

A

chloroplasts

60
Q

mitochondria and cellular respiration is advantages because

A

it increases oxygen

61
Q

chloroplasts were advantages because

A

photosynthesis produced its own food

62
Q

chloroplasts and mitochondria are surrounded by

A

a double membrane

63
Q

Chloroplasts contain______________ not associated to histones and replicated by _____________

A

their own DNA

Binary fission

64
Q

chloroplasts are closely related to

A

cyanobacteria

65
Q

mitochondria are closely related to

A

alpha-proteo bacteria

66
Q

multicellular in eukaryotic cells evolved ________________

A

1.5 by a during proterozoic era

67
Q

first multicellular organisms ____________________ however they were not abundant until 600 mya

A

jelly, algae, and sponges

68
Q

________________________ served as a link between unicellular and multicellular organisms

A

colonial organisms

69
Q

a __________________ is an assemblage of unicellular organisms that do exist as a multicellular organisms though their is no division of work

A

a colony of cells

70
Q

specialization of individual cells within a colony resulted in

A

tissues

71
Q

a true multicellular organisms

A

results when a cell is dependent upon one another

72
Q

no mass extinction but a huge adaptive radiation

A

proterozoic and phanerozoic boundary

73
Q

this adaptive radiation resulted in an explosion of life of the current animal body

A

cambrian explosion

74
Q

_________________ resulted from a grater availability of oxygen as well as responses to increases predator prey interactions

A

cambrian explosion

75
Q

542 mya-251 mya
began with the first period of era
-origin of the first vertebrate animals

A

phanerozoic eon (paleozoic era)

76
Q

original vertebrates

A

fish

77
Q

colonization of land by first terrestrial organisms occurred

A

488 may nonvascular plants

78
Q

460 may arthropods developed

A

arachnids and centipede and milapeds

79
Q

360 mya the first vertebrates developed

A

amphibians

80
Q

what enabled colonization of the land

A

oxygen gas reacts in the upper atmosphere to form ozone gas. The ozone layer shields earths surface from the suns damaging rays. Prior to ozone the only way to avoid thee rays was under water.

81
Q

the first forests of vascular plants appeared during the

A

carboniferous period— 350 mya

82
Q

the collision of all landmasses formed the supercontinent pangea this obliterated much marine life and had major consequences for terrestrial life as well

A

permian extinction-251 mya

83
Q

the triassic jurassic and cretaceous periods were the three periods of the ear. Reptiles notably dinosaurs were dominant land animals. Seed plants were the dominant plants

A

phanerozoic eon- mesozoic era

84
Q

the first forests of vascular plants appeared amphibians and spiders

A

Phanerozoic eon- Paleozoic era

85
Q

the cretaceous was the final period of the era, caused by an asteroid impact in the gulf of mexico

A

cretaceous extinction

86
Q

an adaptive radiation of several groups organisms has occurred during this era

  • mammals
  • birds
  • insects
  • flower plants
A

phanerozoic eon- cenozoic era

87
Q

all of these groups originated during the mesozoic but did not become abundant until the cenozoic
-mammals diversified due to the environmental opportunities left vacant by the extinct dinosaurs

A

-insects and flowering plants diversified by way of coevolution

88
Q

two species exerting selective pressures on each other, resulting in both evolving each other

A

coevolution

89
Q

___________________ appeared 195.000 years ago

A

homo sapiens

90
Q

homo sapiens developed during the

A

piestetocene epoch

91
Q

biologists believe that extinction rates to be 100-1000 times the normal rate

A

this could be at the level of another mass extinction

92
Q

these extinctions are caused by

A

humans

  • climate change
  • habitat loss
  • overexploitation
  • introducted invasive species
  • pollution
  • climate change

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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