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Biology 202- Organism Biology > CHapter 42- Circulation > Flashcards

CHapter 42- Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

the ________________ delivers nutrients to and removes wastes from all cells, tissues, and organs or the body

A

circulatory system

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2
Q

____________ transport fluid in which nutrients and wastes are dissolved

A

blood

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3
Q

________________ the network or tubes that transports blood throughout the body

A

blood vessels

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4
Q

___________________________ the muscular pump that propels blood through blood vessels

A

heart

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5
Q

in an __________________ blood directly baths the cells, tissues, and organs of the body.

A

open circulatory system

their is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid

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6
Q

the inditinguished blood and interstitial fluid is called

A

hemolymoh

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7
Q

contraction of heart _________________________

A

pumps hemolymph out of vessels

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8
Q

relaxation of the heart ________________________________

A

draws hemolymoh into heart through pores

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9
Q

who possess an open circulatory system?

A

-mollusca (except cephlapods) and arthropods

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10
Q

open circulatory systems are advantageous because they _______________________________

A

require a lower expenditure of energy

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11
Q

in a ____________________________, blood is confined to blood vessels and remains distinct from the interstitial fluid

A

closed circulatory system

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12
Q

in closed circulatory system exchange of nutrients and wastes occurs between ________________

A

blood and interstitial fluid

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13
Q

in closed circulatory system exchange also occurs between the ___________________

A

interstitial fluid and cells of body

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14
Q

who posses a closed circulatory system

A

annelids, cephlapods, and vertebrates

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15
Q

closed circulatory system are more advantageous because ________________________

A

they more effectively deliver blood directly to specific body cells and tissues

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16
Q

______________ closed circulatory system in mammals

A

cardiovascular system

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17
Q

__________________ open circulatory system and other systems not in mammals

A

circulatory system

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18
Q

the hearts two chambers

A
  • ventricles

- atria

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19
Q

_________________ discharging chambers for blood

A

ventricles

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20
Q

_______________ are receiving chambers for blood

A

atria

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21
Q

the three types of blood vessels

A
  • arteries
  • capillaries
  • veins
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22
Q

_______________ carry blood away from heart

A

arteries

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23
Q

__________________ are the sites of nutrient waste exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

A

capillaries

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24
Q

______________ carry blood back to heart

A

veins

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25
Q

fishes possess a ______________ heart

A

two chambered heart

-one ventrical and one atrium

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26
Q

blood passess through the heart ____________________________ in fish

A

only once during each complete circuit

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27
Q

_________________: only once during each complete circuit

A

single circulation

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28
Q

in fish blood passess through _________________ leaving and returning to heat

A

two capillary beds

-gill capillaries and body capilaries

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29
Q

amphibians, reptiles, and mammals exhibit ______________________

A

double circulation

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30
Q

in _________________ blood passess through the heart twice during its complete circuit around the body

A

double circulation

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31
Q

____________ carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to heart.

A

pulminary circuit

blood passes through just the lung capillaries during the pulmonary circuit

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32
Q

________________ carries blood from the heart to the body cells and back to heart

A

system circuit

blood pass through just the systemic body circuit capillaries during the systemic circuit

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33
Q

amphibians possess a _______________

A

the chambered heart

-two atria and one ventricle

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34
Q

in amphibians __________ recieves blood from systemic circuit

A

right atrium

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35
Q

in amphibians _____________ recieves blood from the pulmonary circuit

A

left atrium

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36
Q

_______________ in amphibians as the skin is involved in gas exchange in addition to lungs

A

pulmocutaneous

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37
Q

in amphibians the __________ pumps blood to both circuits in

A

ventricle

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38
Q

in amphibians a _______________ within the ventricle diverts blood into each circuit

A

ridge

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39
Q

mammals possess a _____________ heart

A

four chambered

-two atria and two ventricles

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40
Q

in mammals __________ recieves blood from systemic circuit

A

right atrium

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41
Q

in mammals ______________ receives blood from the pulmonary circuit

A

left atrium

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42
Q

in mammals __________________ pumps blood to pulmonary circuit

A

right ventricle

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43
Q

in mammals ____________________ pumps blood to the systemic circuit

A

left ventricle

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44
Q

______________ exhibit a similar circulation to mammals

A

birds

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45
Q

two major veins enter the right atrium

A
  • superior vena cava

- inferior vena cava

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46
Q

______________________ returns blood from all of the body superior to diaphragm

A

superior vena cava

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47
Q

________________________ returns blood from all the body inferior to the diaphragm

A

inferior vena cava

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48
Q

the major artery that exits the right ventricle is the ________________

A

pulmonary trunk

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49
Q

_____________ enter the left atrium

A

four pulmonary veins

each returns blood to lungs

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50
Q

the pulmonary trunk diverges into right and left _________________

A

pulminary arteries

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51
Q

the major artery that exits the left ventricle is the _________________________

A

aorta

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52
Q

the four chambered walls are made of ___________________

A

cardia muscle tissue

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53
Q

________________ have more cardia muslce them atria because

A

ventricles

ventricles must pump blood farther than atria

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54
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit

A

right ventricle—> pulmonary trunk ——-> pulmonary arteries ————> lungs ———> pulmonary veins ———> left atrium

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55
Q

in the pulmonary circuit ___________ blood is pumped out of right ventricle though the pulmonary trunk.

A

oxygen poor

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56
Q

pulmonary trunck diverges to form the ________________ that carry this _________________ blood to the capillaries of the lung

A

pulmonary arteries

oxygen poor

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57
Q

CO2 is removed from the blood and oxygen is added to the blood at the ________________

A

lung capillaries

58
Q

______________ carry __________ from lunch back to heart

A

pulmonary veins, oxygen rich

59
Q

the ______ deliver this __________ to the left atrium

A

pulmonary veins, oxygen rich,

60
Q

the ____________________ then sends the blood to the left ventricle which begins the ______________

A

left atrium, systemic circuit

61
Q

what is the systemic circuit

A

left ventricle –> aorta —> body —-> superior vena cava -and inferior vena cava ——–> right atrium

62
Q

________________ blood is pumped out of he left ventricle though the aorta

A

oxygen rich

63
Q

_____ carries this oxygen rich blood to all of the capillaries of the body

A

oxygen rich

64
Q

___________ is delivered to the body cells and carbon dioxide is removed from the body cells at the capillaries

A

oxygen

65
Q

the superior vana cava carries ____________________ blood from the superior body back to heart

A

oxygen poor

66
Q

the inferior vena cava carries _____________ blood from the inferior body back to the heart

A

oxygen poor

67
Q

the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava delivers this oxygen poor blood to the ____________________

A

right atrium

68
Q

the right atrium sends blood back to the ___________________

A

right ventricle which begins the pulmonary circuit

69
Q

a generalization true for systematic circuit

A

arteries: oxygen rich
veins: oxygen poor

70
Q

a generalization true for pulmonary circuit

A

arteries: oxygen poor
veins: oxygen rich

71
Q

no generalization applies to ______________

A

single circulation in fish

72
Q

___________ maintains higher blood pressure than does a single circulation

A

double circuation

73
Q

blood pressure ____________ each time blood flows through capillary beds

A

drops

74
Q

pumping the blood out of the heart twice maintains ___________________________

A

sufficient blood pressure for terrestrial vertebrates

75
Q

____________________________ is sufficient to maintain blood pressure in a single circulation of a fish

A

contraction of a fished swimming muscles

76
Q

a _________________ is more efficient at delivering oxygen than the three chambered heart

A

four chambered heart

77
Q

_________ require more oxygen than _____________ hense they have four chambered hearts

A

endotherms

exotherms

78
Q

the heartbeat is accomplished by way of the ___________

A

cardia cycle

79
Q

____________ the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the hearts wall cardia muslc etissue

A

heartbeat

80
Q

_________ heart contracts

A

systole

-blood is pumped out of the hearts chambers

81
Q

____________ heart relaxes

A

diastole

-blood fills the hearts chambers

82
Q

_____________ is regulated by the specific autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells

A

cardiac cycle

83
Q

autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells ______________________ wthout signaling from the nervous system

A

contract and relax

84
Q

the cluster of autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells is refferred to as the __________________

A

sinoatrial node (SA node pacemaker)

85
Q

the SA node or pacemaker is located in the _________________

A

right atrium

86
Q

the sa node generates _______________________

A

electrical impulses that travel rapidly between neighboring cells.

87
Q

rapid electrical impluses is accomplished by the ___________________

A

intercolated discs

88
Q

impulses from the SA node spread through ______________________

A

both atria

89
Q

the atria contracts in ______________________ called the _____________

A

atria, atriol systole

90
Q

______________ carry the impulse down the heart apex and up through the ventrical walls

A

cardiac muscle cells

91
Q

___________ is the ventracal contraction in unison

A

ventricular systole

92
Q

_____________________ are hollow organs with walls containing _____________ layers

A

arteries and viens

three

93
Q

three layers of veins and arteries

A
  • endothelium
  • smooth muscle
  • connective tissue
94
Q

_______________ inner layer, surrounds the lumen, simple squamos epithelium

A

endothelium

95
Q

_______________ middle layer, propels blood through blood vessels

A

smooth muscle

96
Q

____________________ outer layer, a large amount of elastic fibers, allows the vessels to expaand as blood passess through the _____________________

A

elastic fibers

connective tissue

97
Q

as arteries move away from the heart they branch into smaller vessels called _______________

A

arterioles

98
Q

____________ branch further to form capillaries

A

arterioles

99
Q

_________________ are the smallest blood vessels

A

capillaries

100
Q

the sight of nutrient and waste exchange

A

capillaries

101
Q

a single layer of __________________ comprises the capillary walls

A

endothelium

102
Q

capilaries converge to form ______________________

A

venules

103
Q

venules converge with other _______________ as they return toward the heart forming __________

A

venules

veins

104
Q

capillaries form a network called a ____________________

A

capilary bed

105
Q

the true capillaries supply the tissue served by ______________

A

capillary bed

106
Q

_______________ runs through the center of the capillary bed

A

throughfare channel

107
Q

_____________ dictate whether blood will flow into true capillaries or blood will be shunted through the thoroughfare channel

A

precapillary sphincter

108
Q

_____________ regulates passage of materials by smooth muscle

relaxed: passage
contracted: no passage

A

spincter

109
Q

blood is the only fluid in the body _____________________

A

a fluid connective tissue

110
Q

cells of blood are called ______________

A

formed elements

111
Q

3 formed elements of blood

A
  • erthythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • platelets
112
Q

___________ are platelets

A

thrombocytes

113
Q

plasma is the _________________

A

extracellular matrix

-a fluid ground substance with no fibers

114
Q

plasma is the fluid portion of blood, so it consists mainly of_____________

A

water

115
Q

_________ are dissolved in the water to make plasma

A

solutes: organic and inorganic ions

116
Q

formed elements are not called cells because only ______________ are true cells

A

leukocytes

117
Q

_________________ lack nuclei and all other organelles

A

erthythrocytes

118
Q

______________ are just cell fragments

A

platelets

119
Q

______________ are smaller then leukocytes. they do not contain a necleus or other organelles

A

erythrocytes

120
Q

an erythrocytes is essentially a _______________________

A

a bag of hemoglobin surrounded by a plasma membrane

121
Q

_______________ is the transport protein within erythrocytes

A

hemoglobin

122
Q

hemoglobin makes up ____________ of an erythrocytes volume

A

95%

123
Q

hemoglobin transports ________ from the lungs to the cells of the body to the lungs and _________ from the cells of the body to lungs

A

02

C02

124
Q

______________ erythrocytes have no nucleus or other organelles

A

anucleate

125
Q

hemoglobin consists of ___________________________

A

globins, four polypeptide chain

126
Q

globins are ___________________

A

four polypeptide chain

127
Q

the globins bind to and transport ___________________

A

Co2

128
Q

each globin has an __________________ in its center

A

iron containg heme group

129
Q

heme iton binds to and transports ___________ 02 molecules

A

one

130
Q

a single hemoglobin molecule carries ____________ molecule

A

4 O2

131
Q

an erythrocyte has ____________ hemoglobins

A

250 millon

132
Q

______________ are much larger yet less numerous than erythrocytes, are true cells . they possess a nucleus

A

leukocytes

133
Q

________________ function in immunity and defense

A

leukocytes

134
Q

5 types of leukocytes

A
  • neutrophiles
  • ecosinophils
  • basophilis
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
135
Q

______________ a leukocytes that is a multibed nucleus, defense against bacteria and fungi.

A

neutrophiles

136
Q

________________ a leukocytes that is a bilobed nucleus cells that defenses against parasites and cehmical toxins

A

ecosinophils

137
Q

_____________ a leukocytes that has a a bilobed nucleus, defense against alergins

A

basophils

138
Q

__________________ a leukocytes that is a large round nucleus. defense against virus and tumor cells

A

lymphocytes

139
Q

____________ are the largest of all leukocytes a large kidney shaped nucleus. defense against bacteria viruses

A

monocytes

140
Q

________________ are small cell fragments. platelets function in ______________

A

platelets

clotting

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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