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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

__________________ were the first forms of life on earth. all organisms can trace their ancestry back to these organisms

A

prokaryotes

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2
Q

prokaryotes are ____________________ everywhere

A

incredibly abundant

-there are more organisms in ones mouth than have ever lived

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3
Q

all prokaryotes are ___________________________

A

unicellular, though they aggregate in colonies

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4
Q

_____________ is an assemblage of unicellular organisms that do exist (permenately or temporarily) as a multicellular unit, though there is no division of labor and each organisms could live independently

A

colonies

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5
Q

_______________ are colonies of prokaryotes held together by a sticky extracellular matrix. They can adhere to many surfaces

A

biofilms

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6
Q

cell size of a prokaryotic cells

A

1-5 picometers in diameter where as eukaryotic cells are 10-100 picometers in diameter

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7
Q

the shapes of prokaryotic cells

A
  • coccus
  • bacillus
  • spiral
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8
Q

spherical shaped cells

A

coccus

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9
Q

rod shaped cells

A

bacillus

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10
Q

strepto means

A

a colony in a chain

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11
Q

staphylo means

A

a colony in a cluster

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12
Q

______________ is an external to the plasma membrane

A

cell wall

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13
Q

bacteria cell walls are made of

A

the polysaccharide peptidoglycan

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14
Q

bacteria have cell walls with many layers of peptidoglycan

A

gram positive

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15
Q

bacteria have cell walls with fewer layers of peptidoglycan but with an outer phospholipid membrane

A

gram negative

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16
Q

____________________ are made of a variety of polysaccharides and polypeptides but no peptidoglycan

A

archaea cell walls

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17
Q

is external to the cell walls in some prokaryotes

A

capsule

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18
Q

certain prokaryotes possess flagella for

A

locomotion

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19
Q

prokaryotic flagella are different in composition than

A

eukaryotic flagella

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20
Q

___________ is embedded in the cell wall and plasma membrane in a prokaryotic flagella

A

basal apparatus

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21
Q

_______________ acts as a motor that rotates the flagellum propels the cell

A

basal apparatus

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22
Q

a single circular DNA molecule called the prokaryotic chromosome is dispersed throughout

A

the nucleic region of the cell

-no membrane or nucleus

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23
Q

______________ proteins are not associated with a bacterium’s chromosomes but they are present in archaea

A

histone

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24
Q

____________________ are small separate rings of DNA

A

plasmids

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25
Q

Plasmids consist of ______________ genes

plasmid genes are often not necessary for survival but can provide survival advantages

A

only a few genes

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26
Q

____________________ in the cytoplasm function for protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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27
Q

infolding of the ________________ functions in the photosynthesis and or cellular respiration

A

plasma membrane

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28
Q

prokaryotes reproduce asexually by __________

A

binary fission

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29
Q

the prokaryotic chromosome replicates, followed by division of the cell

A

each new cells receives a copy of the chromosomes

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30
Q

prokaryotes can divide by binary fission at extremely fast rates

A

-a typical generation time is 2 hours/ Some generation time can be as short as 20 minutes

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31
Q

_____________ are responsible for most of the genetic variation in prokaryotes

A

mutations

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32
Q

three forms of genetic recombination

A
  • transformation
  • transduction
  • conjugation
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33
Q

dead decaying prokaryotes release DNA segments (genes into the eviroment which, can then be taken up by prokaryotes

A

transformation

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34
Q

viruses that infect prokaryotes can transfer DNA segments (genes) from one prokaryote to another

A

transduction

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35
Q

a prokaryote can directly transfer DNA (a plasmid) to another prokaryote

A

conjugation

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36
Q

_________________ is a hesitant structure that surrounds the prokaryotic chromosome during harsh environmental conditions

A

endospore

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37
Q

During harsh environmental conditions, the endospore causes the

A

metabolism halts and rest of cell disintegrates

38
Q

prokaryotes can live dormant for year as

A

endospores, they reactivate when conditions improve

39
Q

many prokaryotes are ________________ similar to animal and fungi, however some are _________________ like plants

A

heterotrophic

autotrophic

40
Q

earths first photosynthesizing autotroph

A

cyanobacteria

41
Q

other prokaryotic autotroph that obtain energy from chemicals

A

chemotrophs

42
Q

_____________ acquiring oxygen for cellular respiration

A

obligate aerobes

43
Q

____________________ do not require oxygen for fermentation and they are poisoned by oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

44
Q

________________________ they use oxygen for cellular respiration if its present and fermentation if not

A

facultative anaerobes

45
Q

_____________________________They convert atmosphere nitrogen gas to ammonia and other usable forms that allow the nitrogen to be incorporated into proteins and nucleic acids. Larger animals are dependent upon this

A

some prokaryotes fix oxygen

46
Q

cyanobacteria that nitrogen fix and posses heterocytes the most self sufficient organisms on earth

A

heterocytes

47
Q

_________ of all human disease are caused by bacteria

A

half

48
Q

___________________ results in 1.5 million deaths a year. Example of disease caused by bacteria

A

tuberculosis

49
Q

the most common ___________________ in the us is bacterial

A

vector borne disease

50
Q

vector borne disease transmitted by ticks

A

lime disease

51
Q

bacteria are pathogen due to _________________

A

poisons in their cell walls

52
Q

______________________ are secreted by living bacteria

A

exotoxins

53
Q

_____________________ are released when a bacterium dies and its cell wall breaks down

A

endotoxins

54
Q

______________ attack bacteria cell walls or the ribosomes that make the bacteria cell wall

A

antibiotics

55
Q

bacteria ____________ fix for other organisms

A

nitrogen

56
Q

__________ produce oxygen and serve as base of food chain

A

cyanobacteria

57
Q

prokaryotes are the main ____________________ in all ecosystems

A

decomposers

58
Q

only a small fraction of prokaryotes species are __________________

A

pathogenic

59
Q

trillions of prokaryotes reside in ________________

A

human intestine and digestive tract, they digest food that we would otherwise be unable to digest

60
Q

_______________________________ by prokaryotes produce cheese yogurt pickles and salami

A

lactic acid fermentation

61
Q

__________________ is the use of organisms to degrade environmental pollutants

A

biomediation

62
Q

examples of prokaryotes being used for biomediation

A
  • sewage treatment

- oil clean up

63
Q

an efficient way to produce large quantities of human, other animal, or plant proteins by inserting genes into prokaryotic plasmid DNA to rapidly replicate

A

recumbent DNA biotechnology

64
Q

the traditional classification of prokaryotes was based on the _____________________

A

morphological characteristics

ex- shape, cell wall, mode

65
Q

modern classification shows that tradition classification does not produce try

A

clades

66
Q

the current classification is based on ____________

A

molecular characteristic

67
Q

__________________ have been replaced by groups that now more accurately represent phylogeny

A

tradition groups

68
Q

there are more similarities between archaea and ______________ than between archaea and ______________

A

eukarya

bacteria

69
Q

____________ are gram negative spiral shaped bacteria. Certain spirochetes are parasitic.
What two disease do they cause

A

Spirochetes

Lyme disease and Syphalsis

70
Q

______________ the smallest bacteria group. they are gram-negative and cocci. They are entirely parasitic and is the cause of the common bacterial sexual transmitted disease _______________.

A

chlamydias

chlamydia

71
Q

important decomposers in the oil. Mycobacterium cause tuberculosis and commonly acne

A

bacilli high GC gram positives

72
Q

unicellular or colonial, gram negative, aquatic, photosynthetic anabaena fixes nitrogen

A

cyanobacteria

73
Q

type of cyanobacteria that fixes nitrogen

A

anabaena

74
Q

mounds of cyanobacteria within densely packed sediment, found in warm shallow bays
found in warm shallow bays
abundant in fossil record

A

stromatolites

75
Q

___________________ cause staff infections, sepsis, and

A

staphylococcus

76
Q

causes strep throte

A

streptococcus

77
Q

ferments in milk and yogurt, cause staff infections and strep infections

A

Low GC gram positives

78
Q

______________ is the cause of botulism and tennisunlike bacillus anthraces is the cause of anthrax

A

clostridium

79
Q

clostridium and anthraces are examples of

A

endospore forming

80
Q

gram negative, epsilon proteobacteria. helicon pylori causes ulcers. is the most common nitrogen fixers bacterium within root nodules. closely related to eukaryotic mitochondria

A

proteobacteria

81
Q

important for nitrogen fixing.bortella purtusis causes whooping cough and neisseria gonorrhoeae causes sexually transmitted disease gonorea. Can also cause cholera, salmonella, and influenza pneumonia

A

proteobacteria

82
Q

types of protea bacteria

A
  • epsilon
  • alpha proteobacteria
  • beta proteobacteria
  • gamma proteobacteria
83
Q

originally believed to be restricted to extreme habitats, extremophile. They are also known to inhabit almost all environments on earth they are not known to be parasitic

A

archaea

84
Q

________ they are not known to be parasitic

A

archaea

85
Q

word for archaea

A

extremophiles

86
Q

two types of archaea

A
  • crenarchaeota

- euryarchaeota

87
Q

__________ have two extreme thermophiles in _________________

A

crenarchaeota
hot springs- hot acidic environments
hydrovents- hot and high pressure environments

88
Q

extreme halophiles and methanogens

A

euryarcheota

89
Q

high salty environments, salty seas and lakes.

A

extreme halophiles

90
Q

obligate anaerobes in swamy marshes and cattle

A

methanogens

91
Q

cattle produce __________ by metabolic process to release waste

A

methane

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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