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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

systematics is the study of

A

the diversity of relationship among organisms

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2
Q

systematics consists of

A
  • taxonomy

- phylogenetic

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3
Q

taxonomy consists of

A
  • binomial nomenclature

- hierarchical classification

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4
Q

the goal of phylogentics is to determines

A

phylogenies

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5
Q

____________ is the evolutionary of a species or larger taxonomic

A

phylogeny

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6
Q

two ways phylogenies are determined

A
  • fossil record

- morphological, developmental, and molecular similarities

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7
Q

is a large but incomplete chronicle of evolutionary change over the scale of geologic time

A

fossil record

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8
Q

similarities useful for deducing evolutionary history and relationships among extant organisms

A

-morphological, developmental, and molecular similarities

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9
Q

_________________ are similarities due to common ancestry

A

homologies

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10
Q

three type of homologies

A
  • morphological
  • developemental
  • molecular
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11
Q

when two species share all three types of homologies, phylogeneticists are most confident that the species descend from a recent common ancestor and are therefore

A

closely related

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12
Q

(also known as homoplases) are similarities due to convergent evolution rather than to common ancestry

A

analogies

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13
Q

occurs when natural selection, due to the same environmental pressure produces similar adaptions in organisms that are not closely related

A

convergent evolution

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14
Q

___________________ can be distinguished from analogy by comparing several different characteristics as well as the degree of complexity

A

homology

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15
Q

molecular homologies can be easily obscured and molecular analogies can be easily misinterpreted as

A

homologies

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16
Q

_____________________________ have been developed to distinguish between molecular homologies and analogies

A

computer programs and statistical analysis

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17
Q

_________________ are used to depict phylogenies

A

phylogenetic trees

18
Q

_________________ contains a common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor

A

a monophyletic group

19
Q

__________________ contains a common ancestor but not all of the descendants

A

a paraphyletic group

20
Q

only _____________ are recognized as true taxonomic group

A

monophyletic groups

21
Q

monophyletic groups are also called _________

A

clades

22
Q

the current approach to phylogenetic which only recognizes class as valid taxa is called

A

cladistics

23
Q

using the cladistic approach, phylogenetic tree are also called

A

cladograms

24
Q

_______________ are traits possessed by particular taxa

A

characters

25
Q

character are placed on the _____________ of a particular taxa

A

branch

26
Q

_____________________ indicates when that trait evolved

A

the placement of a character

27
Q

a _________________ is a shared primitive ancestral character

A

symplesiomorphies

28
Q

represent the unity of life and descent from common ancestry

A

symplesiomorphies

29
Q

a ________________ is a shared derived character unique to individual

A

synapomorphies

30
Q

__________________ represent the diversity of life and modifications from common ancestry

A

synapomorphies

31
Q

_________________ is a group of organisms (the clade) specifically being studied

A

in-group

32
Q

_____________________ is a closely related taxon to the in-group, but not as closely related as all members of the in-group are to each other

A

outgroup

33
Q

the inclusion of an outgroup confirms that the

A

synplesomorphies of the group are synapomorphies

34
Q

when determining among multiple possibilities for a particular phylogeny begin with the

A

simplest explanation

35
Q

the goal of systematics is for

A

classification to represent phylogeny

36
Q

phylogenetic is currently showing many traditional classifications to be incorrect

A
  • phylum chordata
  • class reptillia
  • class aves
37
Q

crocodiles and bird share 3 trades

A
  • attract mates by singing
  • building nests
  • brood their eggs
38
Q

archaea is most closely related to ___________ domain

A

eukarya

39
Q

____________ an unresolved node

A

polytomy

40
Q

class of reptillia is a _______________

A

paraphyletic group

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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