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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 31 > Flashcards

Chapter 31 Flashcards

1
Q

multicellular heterotrophic terrestrial eukaryotes that feed by absorption

A

fungi

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2
Q

______ execution to multicellular

__________ exception for terrestrial

A

one

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3
Q

fungi feed by ______
they secrete ___________ to outside of they bodies
food substances are broken down __________
fungi then ______ the broken down nutrients

A

absorption
digestive enzymes
externally
absorb

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4
Q

based on there feeding cycle there are three categories of fungi

A
  • saprophytes
  • parasites
  • mutualists
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5
Q

__________ feed on dead organisms and wastes

A

saprophytes

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6
Q

____________ parasites feed on living organisms

A

parasites

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7
Q

____________ absorb nutrients from living organisms but provide other nutrients to the host

A

mutualists

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8
Q

unicellular fungi are ____________

A

yeast

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9
Q

most fungi are ____________

A

multicellular

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10
Q

fungi cells form __________

A

filamentous tissues

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11
Q

these filamentous strands are called _______

A

hyphae

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12
Q

fungal cell walls are made of the polysaccharide ______

A

chitin

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13
Q

fungi that have hyphae with cell cell surrounded by a cell wall of all cells are

A

septet

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14
Q

fungi have hyphae that lack cell wall division between neighboring cells

A

aseptate or multinucleate

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15
Q

hyphae pack together to form _____________

A

a dense tightly network to form a mycelium

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16
Q

a majority of fungi exist ________________

A

below the ground

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17
Q

mycelium is

A
  • the feeding part of fungi

- spreads outward

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18
Q

the aboveground structures are for _________

A

reproducing

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19
Q

_ _______consist of hyphae that are very densely packed together

A

fruiting bodies

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20
Q

yeast reproduce by way of _________

A

budding

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21
Q

during ________ a smaller cell riches of of the original cell

A

budding

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22
Q

multicellular fungi produce unicellular spores by _____________ these are _______

A

mitosis

conidia

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23
Q

__________ are produced by and held on specialized hyphae called ___________

A

conidia

conidiophores

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24
Q

conidia are released from the conidiophores and dispersed _________

A

by way of wind

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25
Q

conidia from by ___________ into new genetically identical fungi if they land in optimal location

A

mitosis

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26
Q

___________ are fungi that exhibit mostly asexual reproduction

A

molds

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27
Q

molds are mats of mycelia

A

with many conidiophores

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28
Q

there are no _______________ fore sexual reproduction

A

fruiting body

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29
Q

fungi _______ posses a alternation of generations life cycle

A 
do NOT 
(0ne exception)
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30
Q

fungi hyphae are typically

A

haploid

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31
Q

the only diploid stage in the fungus life cycle is the _______________

A

zygote

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32
Q

during fertilization, the haploid hyphae of two different fungi first fuse their cytoplasms but the nuclei within ________________

A

do not yet fuse

this is plasmogamy

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33
Q

________________ results in heterokaryoteic state. The cytoplasms first fuse but the nuclei do not

A

plasmogamy

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34
Q

neither n or 2n but rather ________

A

n+n

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35
Q

fungi exist and grow in ______________ state for hours, days or potentially centuries

A

heterokaryotic

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36
Q

eventually the ___________ fuze in the ______ process

A

nuclei

karyogamy

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37
Q

federalization is made of

A

plasmogamy and karyogamy

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38
Q

the zygotes that result from karyogamy immediately undergo _____________ to produce haploid spores

A

meiosis

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39
Q

spore production occurs with the ______________

A

fruiting body

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40
Q

spored dispersed by way of the wind and grow into

A

genetically unique fungi

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41
Q

along with prokaryotes, fungi are the major ________________ in ecosystems

A

decomposers

42
Q

chemical recyclers

A

break down organic matter, returning the inorganic nutrients to the soil to be picked up by plants

43
Q

fungi can break down ________________ which most eukaryotes can not

A

lignin and cellulose

44
Q

two major mutualistic symbiotic relationships

A
  • mycorrhizae

- lichens

45
Q

______________ mutualistic symbiosis a beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots

A

mycorrhizae

46
Q

fungi increase the surface area of roots of plants and pass inorganic nutrients to plants

A

fungi receive organic nutrients from plants

47
Q

two types of mycorrhizae

A
  • ectomycorrhizae

- endomycorrhizae

48
Q

fungal hyphae wrap around the outside of roots and also around the individual cells within the roots. ectomycorrhizae are common in seedless vascular plants an gymnosperms

A

-ectomycorrhizae

49
Q

fungal hyphae extend into root cell walls but do not penetrate into they plasma membranes. Common in angiosperms

A

-endomycorrhizae

50
Q

almost all plants are associated with _______________

A

mycorrhizal fungi

51
Q

this has been the case ever since plants and fungi first colonized land

A

it is a very important terrestrial adaptation for both types of organisms

52
Q

mutualistic symbioses between fungi and either unicellular green algae or cyanobacteria

53
Q

In a lichen association, fungi provide a terrestrial habitats or shelter for partner

A

fungi receives photosynthates from the algae or cyanobacteria in return

54
Q

lichens exists as __________________ that are pigmented by internal photosynthesizes

A

mats of fungal mycelia

55
Q

the algae or cyanobacteria live toward the surface of fungus to receive the most __________

A

direct sunlight

56
Q

lichen tend to be found on

A

rocks or branches

57
Q

there are 3 common lichen growth

A
  • crustose
  • foliose
  • fructicose
58
Q

__________ encrusting

59
Q

______________ leaf like

60
Q

__________ shrub like

A

-fructicose

61
Q

lichens reproduce asexually by fragmenting and dispersing _________________ which grow into lichen

62
Q

_____________ small pieces of fungal mycelia that contain some algae/ cyanobacteria

63
Q

lichens are often ________________ because they transform the soil making it habitable for plants

A

the first colonizers of barren land

64
Q

Lichens are extremely resistant to the lack of _______________

65
Q

however lichens are very susceptible to _____________

A

air pollution

66
Q

lichens are therefore frequently used as measures of ________________

A

habitat air quality

67
Q

kost parasitic fungi are parasites of _____________________

A

plants

they are a major problem in agriculture due to the destruction of crops

68
Q

some fungi are parasites of ________________ including humans

69
Q

causes athletes foot

A

fungi- tinea

70
Q

candid causes ___________

A

yeast infections

71
Q

these fungal infections are ____________

A

easily treatable except for the immunocompromised should not be inhaled by lungs

72
Q

humans eat various fruiting bodies (fungi) including

A

beer wine bread blue cheese

73
Q

fermentation by the ______________________ is responsible for the production of beer cheese and wine

A

yeast saccharomyces

74
Q

__________________ is as common with yeasts as it is with bacteria

A

recumbent DNA technology

75
Q

penicillium is responsible for the antibiotic ____________

A

penicillin

76
Q

collective name for animals and fungi

A

opisthokonta

77
Q

opisthokonta possess a ____________________

A

single posterior flagellum

78
Q

only the ________________ fungal group posses a ____________

A

earliest, flagella, chytridiomycota

79
Q

_________________ are currently being reevaluated as several separate branches not true clades or monophyletic groups

A

chytridiomycota and zygomycota

80
Q

_______________________________________________ are well-supported clades

A

glomeromycota, basidiomycota, and ascomycota

81
Q

-freshwater, only fungi not terrestrial
-only fungi to possess an alternation of generations sexual life cycle
only fungi to possess flagella

A

chytridiomycota

82
Q

parasites in this group are responsible for ________________________

A

epidermal infection

chytriomycota

83
Q

________________ populations are on a worldwide decline

A

amphibians

84
Q

chtridiomyacota have _____________ hyphae

85
Q

-most molds are _____________ and most _________ are ___________

A

zygomycetes zygomycetes molds

86
Q
  • aexual reproduction
  • most molds
  • no fruiting bodies
  • aseptate hyphae
A

zygomycetes

87
Q

in zygomycetes:

a zygote, _______________, is protected within a resistant ____________________________

A

zygospore

zygosporangium

88
Q
  • fungi that form endomycorrhizae
  • most common mycorrhizae
  • septate hyphae
A

glmeromycota

89
Q
  • club fungi
  • mushrooms
  • self fungi
  • puffballs
  • fungi form mycorrhizae
  • two serious crop parasites
  • septate spores
A

basidiomycota

90
Q

the most efficient fungi at decomposing lignin

A

shelf fungi

91
Q

fungi that produce trillions of spores

92
Q

-two serious crop parasites in basidiomycota

A

rusts and smuts

93
Q

fruiting bodies are _____________________

A

heterokaryotic

mushrooms

94
Q

in heterokaryotic organisms

A

plasmogamy has occurred but karyogamy had not yet occurred

95
Q

basidiocarps posses heterkaryotic club shaped structures called

96
Q

karyogamy ultimately occurs in basidia and forms

zygotes undergo meiosis to produce

A

diploid zygotes

spores dispresed by wind

97
Q
  • cup fungi
  • largest fungi group
  • lichens
  • yeasts
  • truffles
  • penicellium
  • parasites of no crop plants
  • septate hyphae
A

ascomycota

98
Q

fruiting body of a ascomycota is a

99
Q

asocarps possess __________ rather than basidia

100
Q

spores produced by ascu are termed

A

ascospores

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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