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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 1 & 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 22 Flashcards

1
Q

biologists study the ______________________, levels of life ranging from the global to the submicroscopic

A

biological hierarchy

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2
Q

the largest level of the biological hierarchy. The habitable part of plant earth. All ecosystems.

A

biosphere

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3
Q

all organisms living and nonliving components of a given area

A

ecosystem

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4
Q

all living organisms of a particular area.

A

community

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5
Q

all organisms of a species in an area.

A

population

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6
Q

a single living thing

A

organisms

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7
Q

organs working together for a common function. ex- nervous system

A

organ system

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8
Q

tissues working together for a common function. ex-brain

A

organ

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9
Q

cells working together for a common function

A

tissue

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10
Q

smallest living component

A

cell

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11
Q

make up cells ex- nucleus

A

organels

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12
Q

multiple atoms

A

molecules

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13
Q

smallest level of biological hierarchy

A

atom

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14
Q

The biological hierarchy:

A 
atom
molecule
organell
cell
tissue
organ
organ system 
organism 
population 
community 
ecosystem 
biosphere
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15
Q

each level of the biological hierarchy is _______________________

A

the sum of its parts

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16
Q

new properties emerge at each level due to the ____________________________ of the parts at lower levels

A

interaction and arrangement

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17
Q

the first level at which the properties of life emerge

A

cells

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18
Q

organisms composed of one cell

A

unicellular

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19
Q

organisms consisting of more than one cell

A

multicellular

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20
Q

two cell type

A

prokaryotic

eukaryotic

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21
Q

small and simple cell

A

prokaryotic

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22
Q

large and complex with membrane bound organelles

A

eukaryotic

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23
Q

biologists organize life according to the principles of __________

A

taxonomy

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24
Q

taxonomy was established by

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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25
Q

Linnaeus goal was

A

naming the organisms and categorizing them

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26
Q

two taxonomy consists of two components

A
  • nomenclature

- classification

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27
Q

species names are in __________

A

Latin

a common language allows unambiguous communication among all languages

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28
Q

Species names consist of two parts

A

genus

specific epithet

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29
Q

species name for human

A

homo sapien

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30
Q

biologists have discovered and named approximately ____________ species but we estimate ___________

A

1.8 million

10-100 million

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31
Q

_______________ categorizes this species diversity in more inclusive groups

A

hierarchical classification

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32
Q

taxonomy units

A 
dum kids playing catch on freeway go splat
domain 
kingdom 
phylum 
class
order
family 
genus 
species
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33
Q

dead: ___________
living: ___________

A

extinct

extant

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34
Q

taxonomy of humans

A 
Eukarya
animalia 
chordata
mammalia
primates
hominidae
homo
homo sapiens
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35
Q

the outline or hierarchical form shows

A

the relationship between organisms

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36
Q

______ tha names group of organisms at any level in the classification hierarchy

A

taxon

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37
Q

3 domains

A

archae
bacteria
eukarya

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38
Q

two distinct domains of prokaryotic organisms

A

bacteria

archaea

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39
Q

all organisms in the bacteria and archaea domains are

A

unicellular

40
Q

organisms in the eukarya domain

A

contain eukaryotic organisms

41
Q

the 4 kingdoms in the eukarya domain

A

animalia
fungi
plantae
protista

42
Q

multicellular heterotrophs that consume food by ingestion

A

kingdom animalia

43
Q

multicellular heterotrophs that consume food by absorption

A

kingdom fungi

44
Q

multicellular autotrophs that produce food by photosynthesis

A

kingdom plantar

45
Q

MOSTLY unicellular
heterotrophic/autotrophic
currently may be separate kingdoms

46
Q

all life is composed of one or more _________

47
Q

all cells are surrounded by a _______

A

plasma membrane

48
Q

facts having to do with plasma membrane

A
  • a phospholipid belayer with protein

- a cells plasma membrane regulates the transport of substances into and out of the cell

49
Q

all cells convert chemical energy ________________ to chemical energy _______________ for energy

A

glucose to ATP

50
Q

two types of conversion of ATP

A

AEROBIC

ANAEROBIC

51
Q

cellular respiration with oxygen

52
Q

fermentation without oxygen

53
Q

all cells contain __________________________ as their genetic material

A

DNA, the nucleic acid

an inherited genetic material

54
Q

all cells are produced by

A

the reproduction of other cells

55
Q

-DNA replication occurs prior to the production of other cells

A

-Daughter cells inherit their DNA from their parents cells

56
Q

DNA contains the instructions for

A

protein synthesis

57
Q

DNA serves as a template for synthesizing RNA

A

transcription

58
Q

RNA serves a template for synthesizing protein

A

translation

59
Q

All cells utilize the same _________________________ for ________________ Rna into protein

A

genetic code

translating

60
Q

the process of change that has transformed life on earth from its simple beginnings to the complex diversity of organisms that exist today

61
Q

evolution also accounts for the _____________ of organisms to their environment

62
Q

_____________ was born in 1809
-The prevailing ideas at the time did not include evolution:
1.
2.

A

Charles Darwin

  1. they believed the earth was young
  2. they believe species that inhabited the earth were believed to be unrelated and unchanging
63
Q

In 1809, _______________ became an early proponent of evolution

A

Jean Baptiste Lamark

64
Q

Lemark suggested a mechanism to explain how organisms change and how evolution occurs

  • Body parts that are used to explain how organisms lifetime become larger and stronger and these modifications are passed on to the organisms and offspring
  • although not support genetically he deserve credit for first oppose to traditional ideas
A

Jean Baptiste Lamark

65
Q

Charles Darwin was a naturalist on the _____________ from 1832-1836.
An around the world voyage

66
Q

Darwin visited

A
  • south america

- a visit to the galapagos islands proved extremely influential

67
Q

Darwin notices

Darwins finches

A
  • simularities among the species he encountered but also many differences
  • species were well adapted to their environment
68
Q

species diversity appears to be a result of

A

environmental diversity

69
Q

durage his voyage, darwin read _______________

A

Principles of Geology

70
Q

Lyles proposed that

A

the earth that is much older than 6,000 years and was sculpted by timely processes

71
Q

_________________ shared his evolution discoveries with Darwin and they agreed

A

Russel Wallace

72
Q

darwin published his book ______________. In his book, darwin used the phrase ___________________________ to describe evolution

A

the origin of species by means of natural selection.

descent by modification

73
Q

all species are descended from there ancestors but

A

they are modified by their ancestors

74
Q

Darwin argued that

A

adaption to environment and the origin of near species are related

75
Q

a well supported mechanism by which evolution occurs

A

natural selection

76
Q

fossils remnants of past organisms preserved in ___________________________

A

sedimentary rock

77
Q

Sedimentary rock forms

A

layers over time

78
Q

______________ traces the history of life from its origin a to its current state

A

the fossil record

79
Q

many extinct _______________ that link ancestors to their modern descents have been discovered

A

transitional species

80
Q

_______________ refers to the geographic distribution of species

A

biogeography

81
Q

________________ refers to the comparison of body structure among species

A

comparative anatomy

82
Q

_____________________ refers to the comparison among species of body structures that are present ONLY EARLY DURING DEVELOPMENT

A

comparative embryology

83
Q

closely related species have DnA that has very similar

A

nucleotide sequences

few differences have accumulated because related species have spent a relatively short amount of time diverging from a recent common ancestor

84
Q

two observation for natural selection

A
  • individual organisms exhibit variation

- species have the potential to produce for more offspring than the environment can support its limited resources

85
Q

most variation is

86
Q

limited resources lead to __________ among offspring

A

competition.

Simular to Thomas Matus ideas

87
Q

natural selection by combining two observations

A
  • -natural selection is unequal

- an accumulation of favorable traits adapts species to its environment

88
Q

natural selection

A
  • is not conscious, deliberate, or active process
  • does not create new traits
  • edits traits that are already present
  • depends on time and place
  • can only increase or decrease heritable traits within a population
89
Q

organisms _____________ populations ______________

A

do not evolve

evolve

90
Q

darwin used _____________ to support natural selection

A

artificial selection

91
Q

humans modify plants and animals by selecting and breeding individuals with desirable traits accentuating those traits

A

artificial selection

92
Q

the environment does selecting rather than humans

A

natural selection

93
Q

a tentative answer to a scientific question that can be tested

A

hypothesis

  • must be testable (not supernatural)
  • must be repeatable (not annectotable)
94
Q

in science ar much broader in scope than hypothesis they are supported by scientific evidence. explain a great number of observations

95
Q

natural selection and evolutionary change can be

A

directly observed and scientifically tested

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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