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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

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1
Q

__________________ were the original eukaryotes and include all current eukaryotes that are not plants fungi or animals

A

protists (do not form a true clade)

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2
Q

most protists are ___________
some are _________________
some are _________________
some protists are ___________

A

unicellular
colonial
multicellular
multinucleate

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3
Q

____________________ no plasma membrane or cell wall separated between neighboring cells. A continuous stream of cytoplasm with many nuclei.

A

multinucleated

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4
Q

protists are

A

autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic

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5
Q

__________ are able to photosynthesize and consume food

A

mixotrophs

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6
Q

most protists are ___________ but some are ______________________ and some live entire in __________________

A

aquatic, terrestrial, in other organisms mutually or parasitically

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7
Q

protozoan are the ___________________

A

animal protists

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8
Q

slime molds and algae are the __________ (not true clade)

A

plant like protists

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9
Q

unicellular heterotrophs, move using multiple flagella, reproduce asexually, no cell wall, 2 nuclei, and primitive mitochondria

A

diplomonadida

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10
Q

in diplomonadida without fully function mitochondria, no cellular respiration occurs

A

instead fermentation living in anaerobic environments like stagnant freshwater and animal guts

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11
Q

a parasite that is taken into a humans intestine after the human drinks from a stream containing the parasites stage causes extreme diarriah

A

giardia

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12
Q

unicellular, move with many multiple flagella, reproduce asexually, no cell wall, one nucleus, primitive mitochondria

A

parabasalida

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13
Q

_____________________ are entirely symbiotic within animals.

A

parabasalids

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14
Q

type of parabasalida that lives mutualistically in the guts of termites. breaks down wood in termits

A

trichonympha

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15
Q

lives parasitically within the human genital system. Causes a sexually transmitted disease

A

trichomonas

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16
Q

unicellular heterotrophs, move using 2 flagella, asexually reproduce, no cell wall, full functional mitochondria

A

kinetoplastida

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17
Q

found in marine, freshwater, or most terrestrial environments. Certain kinetoplastides are parasitic. can cause african sleeping sickness, and kissing bug

A

trypanosoma

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18
Q

unicellular micotrophic, move using one flagellum, a second vestigial flagellum does not function, asexual reproduction, no cell wall, but have a pelical, fully functional mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

euglenida

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19
Q

a protein sheet lying directly beneath the plasma membrane, provides supports and protection but also flexibility

A

pellicle

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20
Q

euglena live mostly ___________________ an example is

A

marine water

ex- phytoplanktin

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21
Q

in euglenida

______________ stores and expel excess water in freshwater habitats

A

contractile vacuoles

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22
Q

in euglenida

____________________= the eyespot that sects light

A

phototaxis

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23
Q

-unicellular hetertrophs
-moving using many short cilia
-no cel wall
-mostly freshwater
-contractile vacuole
-two nuclei
ex- paramecium

A

Ciliate

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24
Q

regulates all cell function except reproduction in a ciliate

A

large micronucleus

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25
Q

regulates reproduction and conjugation

A

small micronucleus

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26
Q

during what process does:

  • two ciliates exchange micronuclei
  • not considered sexual reproduction because no new cells are produced, instead genetic recombination
A

conjugation

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27
Q

-unicellular autotrophs
-move using two flagella
-reproduce asexually
-cell wall made of cellulose
-mostly marine
ex- phytoplanktin

A

dinoflagellates

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28
Q

what habitat is zooxanthellae in? what is it?

A

the coral reefs. Its a dinoflagellet

_they are sheltered by corals and it exchange provide nutrients to corral

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29
Q

what id noctiluca associated with? what is it?

A

bioluminesces. its a dinoflagelet.

It is a form of defense.

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30
Q

what is ceratium? what is it associate with?

A

algae blooms. toxins produced by dinoflagellets are a harmful defense against predators. High levels of these toxins became dangerous to all of marine life.

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31
Q

-unicellular
-no flagella/cilia
-no cell wall
-asexual and sexual reproduction
-entirely parasitic within animals
ex- toxoplasma

A

apicomplexa

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32
Q

causes toxoplasmosis in human fetuses resulting in spontaneous abortions and still births

A

toxoplasma

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33
Q

plasmodium causes ______________________.

Plasmodium is a ___________________

A

malaria (vectored by masquetios)

apicomplexa

34
Q

plasmodium uses a _____________________ to penetrate red blood cells and infect with malaria

A

apical complex

35
Q

-water molds
-multinucleate heterotrophs
-cell wall of cellulose
-freshwater
-reproduce asexually
-unicellular spores produced by mitosis and possess two flagella
mitosis and cytokeiniesis

A

oomycota

36
Q

water molds attach to and grow from substrate being decomposed. Phytophthora causes a disease of potatoes called late blight

A

oomycota

37
Q

phytophythoa an oomycota causes late blight in potatoes that was responsible for

A

potato famine

38
Q 
unicellular autotrophs 
cell walls of silica 
-marine or freshwater
-consists of two halves called frustules 
-generally asexual reproduction 
-occasionally sexual reproduction
A

Diatoms

39
Q
  • linned with pores of the passages of nutrients across the wall
  • wall does no becomes when diatom dies instead the walls result in sand
A

Silica cell wall of Diatoms

40
Q

marine or freshwater diatom example

A

phytoplankton

41
Q

a _____________ is a slightly larger than the other and they fit together in an overlapping fashion

A

frustule

42
Q

during sexual production

A

frustules split apart and produce a new smaller half

43
Q

when the diatom become to small to continue forming

A

sexual reproduction occurs gametes possessing flagella are produced by meiosis

44
Q
  • gold algae
  • fucoxanthin
  • unicellular or colonial mixotropjs
  • two flagella
  • asexual
  • cell wall of silica or calcium carbonate
  • marine or freshwater
A

chrysophyta

45
Q

-brown algae
-fucoxanthin
multicellular autotrophic
-seaweeds
-cell wall of cellulose
-marine
-sessile
-reproduce sexually

A

phaeophyta

46
Q

sexual reproduction of brown algae:

________________________ life cycle

A

alternation of generations

47
Q

familiar brown algae or phaeophyta

A

kelps and rock weeds in kelp forests

48
Q

all brown algae posses the same four structures

A
  • holdfast
  • stipe
  • blades
  • blatters
49
Q

plant equivalent to a holdfast

A

root

50
Q

plant equivalent to stipe

A

roots

51
Q

plant equivalent to a blades

A

leaves

52
Q

plant equivalent to a bladders

A

floats

53
Q
  • unicellular hetertrophs
  • move using long thread like cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia
  • reproduce asexually
  • no cell wall
  • mostly marine
  • calcium carbonate doesn’t decompose creating limestone
A

foraminifera

54
Q
  • unicellular heterotrophs
  • move and feed using long need-like pseudopodia
  • no cell wall
  • mostly marine
A

radiolaria

55
Q

-unicellular heterotrophs
-lobe-shaped pseudopodia
-movement occurs by way of cytoplasmic streaming
-feeding occurs by way of phagocytosis
-asexually
no cell wall

A

amoebas

56
Q

amoebas are free living in freshwater environments and contain contractile vacuoles. Some of them are _________________

A

parasitic

57
Q

amoebas can cause

A

brain eating amebos

disentary

58
Q

two types of slime molds

A

-cellular slime molds

plasmodial slime molds

59
Q
  • heterotrophic
  • terrestrial
  • no cell wall
  • decomposers
  • unicellular, colonial, multicellular
A

cellular slime molds

60
Q

________________ is the most familiar cellular slime mold

A

dictoyosteum

61
Q

during their feeding stage ___________ exist as unicellular amoeboid cells with lobe shaped pseudopodia
move among leaf litter and fallen logs by way of cytoplasmic streaming
-freed by way of phagocytosis
-if spores lands in a suitable location it becomes anew unicellular amoeboid cell to start growing

A

cellular slime molds

62
Q
  • heterotrophic
  • terrestrial
  • no cell wall
  • decomposers in most habitats
  • no cell wall
  • multinucleate
A

plasmodial slime molds

63
Q
  • a multeanucleated web like mass called plasmodium
  • moves using cytoplasmic streaming
  • feeds by way of phagocytosis
A

plasmodial slime molds

64
Q

how do you get a multinucleate structure

A

mitosis without cytokinesis

65
Q
  • unicellular or colonial heterotrophs
  • sessile
  • reproduce asexually
  • no cell wall
  • reproduce asexually
  • no cell wall
  • marine or fresh water
  • animalia protista
A

choanoflagellates

66
Q

the individual cell or colony of cells is attached to its substrate by a single stalk

A

sessile

67
Q

each choanoflagellate cell possesses one flagellum surrounded by a collar of ____________

A

microvilli

68
Q

choanoflagellates are virtually identical to the feeding cells of sponges ______________

A

choanocytes

69
Q
  • red algae
  • multicellular
  • autotrophic seaweeds
  • marine
  • reproduce sexually
  • sessile
  • cell wall of cellulose
A

rhodophyta

70
Q

red algae contain the pigment ______________ in addition to chlorophyll

A

phycoerythrin

71
Q

the sexual reproduction cycle of red algae

A

alternation of generations

72
Q

some have cell walls hardened with

A

calcium

73
Q

________ red algae found among coral reefs

A

coraline

74
Q

______________________ used as a growth medium in microbiology

A

agar

75
Q

___________ used in the production of ice cream and toothpaste

A

cargeenan

76
Q

porphyry or _________ used in sushi

A

nori

77
Q
  • green algae
  • autotrophic
  • cell wall of cellulose
A

chlorophyta

78
Q

multinuclear green algae exhibit an ________________ life cycle

A

alternation of generations

79
Q
  • use to be considered members of chlorophyll these green algae are no known to be closer related to plants
  • multicellular autotrophs
  • cell wall of cellulose
  • freshwater
A

charophyceans

80
Q

chart and coleochaete are the most familiar ____________

A

charophyceans

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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