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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

viruses ____________ possess all properties of life

A

do not

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2
Q

3 properties of life that viruses do not possess

A
  • viruses are not cells
  • viruses do not grow
  • virsuses cannot reproduce on their own
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3
Q

however viruses do ______________ some properties of life

A

possess

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4
Q

4 properties of life that viruses possess

A
  • viruses can replicate
  • viruses possess genetic material
  • viruses utilize the genetic code
  • virsues evolve by natural selection
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5
Q

_________________ produce genetic variability in viruses

A

mutations

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6
Q

viruses can be as small as __________________

A

20 nm

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7
Q

viruses consist of ____________ surrounded by __________________

A

genes (DNA and RNA)

protein coat

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8
Q

a virus can consist of as few as _______________ genes

A

4

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9
Q

_____________ is the protein coat of a virus

A

capsid

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10
Q

some viruses are surrounded by a ____________________

A

membranous envelope

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11
Q

_______________ which serve as receptor molecules are attached to the envelope

A

glycoproteins

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12
Q

a virus enter the a host cell and is ___________________,

A

uncoated

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13
Q

for a virus to be uncoated the DNA and ___________________ are seperated

A

protein capsid

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14
Q

the host cell’s enzyme (DNA polymerase) _____________ the viral DNA

A

replicate

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15
Q

the host cell’s enzyme (RNA polymerase) and ribosomes _________________ the viral DNA into RNA and proteins

A

transcription and translation

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16
Q

_____________ undergo either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle within their bacterial host cells

A

bacteriophages

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17
Q

Bacteriaphages aka _______________ are viruses that infect bacteria

A

phages

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18
Q

_______________ possess DNA as their genetic material

A

bacteriaphages

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19
Q

a bacteriophages capsid consist of (3 things)

A
  • head
  • tail
  • tailfibers
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20
Q

a _________ that contains DNA is in a virus

A

head

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21
Q

a ___________ that injects the DNA into the bacterium is in a virus

A

tail

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22
Q

__________________ attach the bacteriophage to the bacterium

A

tailfibers

23
Q

during the ________________ the viral DNA incorporates itself into the bacterial chromosome

A

lysogenic cycle

24
Q

during the lytic cycle, the new viruses that are produced destroy the cell when they _______________________

A

break out of it

25
Q

lysogenic cycle does not harm the bacterial cell _____________, though viral DNA will ultimately exit the bacterial chromosome and initiate the ___________________

A

lytic cycle

26
Q

the viral DNA is replicated when the bacteria _______________ in the lysogenic cycle

A

divides

27
Q

lysogenic cycle does not harm the bacterial cell _____________, though viral DNA will ultimately exit the bacterial chromosome and initiate the ___________________

A

directly

lytic cycle

28
Q

viruses that infect plants possess ____________ as their genetic material

A

RNA

29
Q

viruses that infect animals may possess ___________ as their genetic material

A

DNA

30
Q

viruses infect plants by way of _________________ transmission

A

horizontal and vertical

31
Q

____________ transmission involves viral entry though damaged part of the plant

  • lesion due to wind or cold
  • insects feeding on the plant
  • gardeners using infecting tools
A

horizontal

32
Q

___________ transmission involves parents passing virus to their offspring

A

vertical

33
Q

animal viruses do not lyse their _______________

A

host cells

34
Q

DNA viruses causes:

A
  • warts
  • cold sores and genetial herpies
  • chicken pox and shingles
  • mononucleosis
  • small pox
35
Q

in ______________________ affected individuals are susceptible to other infections that bodys immune system would normally be able to fight off

A

HIV

36
Q

RNA viruses cause:

A
  • common cold
  • influenza
  • measels, mumps, rubella
  • hepatitudes
  • polio
  • rabies
37
Q

________________ are complex arrangements of molecules so they could represent an early transition between non life and life

A

viruses

38
Q

there is high turnover in ________________ cells so tissue damaged by a common cold can be replaces

A

respiratory system

39
Q

________________ cells do not divide and therefore cannot be replaced so polio is permanent

A

central nervous system

40
Q

the glycoproteins bind to recelptors on an animal host which mediated _____________________ of the virus into the cell

A

endocystosis

41
Q

new viruses exit the host cell by way of ______________ stealing some of the host membrane as their envelope

A

exocytosis

42
Q

viruses also frequently trigger the breakdown of ______________________ releasing damaging enzymes into the cell

A

lysosome

43
Q

there are vaccines that ____________ many viral infections

A

prevent

44
Q

medications can only ________________ viral infections once they are acquired

A

treat

45
Q

medications cannot ____________ viral infections

A

cure

46
Q

HIV _____________________ is the virus that causes AIDS ___________________________

A

human immunodificiency virus (HIV)

acquired immunodifficiency syndrom (AIDS)

47
Q

HIV infects ___________________________

A

leukocytes (white blood cells)

48
Q

HIV is a ______________ virus that function as a ___________________

A

RNA virus

retrovirus

49
Q

HIV uses an enzyme _______________ to produce

DNA from RNA template (many HIV drugs target this enzyme

A

reverse transcriptace

50
Q

however because viruses can only reproduce by living cells, _______________________________

A

cells must have existed prior to viruses

51
Q

Which came first Virus or cell?

A

the cell

52
Q

viroids are small ____________ molecules that infect _______________________

A

RNA

plants

53
Q

prions are small _________________ molecules that infect _________________________

A

proteins

animals

54
Q

_______________ the cause of mad cow disease in cows and creutzfielt-kakob disease in humans causes __________________

A

prions

causes brain damage

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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