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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 53 > Flashcards

Chapter 53 Flashcards

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1
Q

_________________ focuses on population dynamics

  • life history strategies
  • population dispersions patterns
  • population size
  • population growth
  • population structure
A

population ecology

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2
Q

an organ’s life history is the sequence of events relating to its _____________________________________

A

birth, growth, developement, reproduction, death

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3
Q

a ____________________ is the overall pattern of life history events exhibited by all individual organisms within the species

A

species life history strategy

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4
Q

______________________ shape and contrain life history. they occurs as a result of limited energy

A

trade offs

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5
Q

ecology is ____________________ the interactions between organisms and their enviroments

A

defined

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6
Q

evolution is __________________ the interactions between organisms and their enviroments

A

driven

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7
Q

charles darwin was a ____________

A

ecologist

termed a naturalist during darwins time

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8
Q

there is a large range of ___________________ in all organisms

A

body sizes

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9
Q

mammals range from the _________________ to ___________

A

pygmy shrew

blue whales

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10
Q

large animals tolerate _______ enviroments best while small animals tolerate _________ enviroments best

A

cold

warm

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11
Q

____________________ to reproduction takes resources away from growth maintenance and defense

A

allocating resources

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12
Q

the cost of reproduction is therefore reduced to

A

survival, growth, and future reproduction

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13
Q

_____________ species reproduce at a very early age ex-mayflies

A

precocial

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14
Q

____________ species reproduce at a later age ex-humans

A

atrical

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15
Q

________________ species reproduce one time only. They invest too many resources in reproduction to be able to survive afterwards. ex-salmon, annual plants

A

semelparous

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16
Q

________________ organisms increase their fitness quickly in the population but decrease their survival and future reproduction

A

precocial

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17
Q

____________ species reproduce several times. They produce offspring without completely depleting their resources. Most trees, birds, and mammals

A

iteroparous

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18
Q

____________ organisms increase their fitness by reproducing more frequently

A

iteroparous

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19
Q

_____________ organisms increase their fitness by saving their resources over time and producing the highest quality offspring all at once

A

semelparous

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20
Q

an organisms energy investment in its offspring can be measured by the size of the __________

A

offspring

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21
Q

the larger an organism energy investment in each individual offspring the _______________ offspring it can produce

A

fewer

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22
Q

energy investment can also be measure by the _________________________

A

amount of parental care provided

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23
Q

organisms that provide parental care increase the ________________________. However they produce far _____________ offspring

A

chances of their offspring surviving

fewer

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24
Q

_________________ is complete change in the body plan of an organism during its lifetime

A

metamorphosis

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25
Q

advantage of metamorphasis:
using different food sources and exploiting different habitats minimizes ___________________ between the young and adults of a species

A

competition

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26
Q

advantage of metamorphasis:

larval forms are usually small and excellent at _____________ to colonize new habitats

A

dispersing

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27
Q

disadvantage of metamorphasis

it is a comple genetic task to reorganize an organisms entire body plan _______________________

A

energetically costly

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28
Q

__________ are resistant or inactive stages during periodic unfavorable conditions

  • ______________ in animals.
  • dormany in plants
A

resting stages

torpor, hibernation, diapuse

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29
Q

there is a large range of life spans in all organism shorter life spans means _______________________

A

earlier mortality, shorter generation times

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30
Q

natural selection acts faster to more quickly _____________ these short lived organisms to their enviroment

A

adapt

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31
Q 
r selected strategies 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ size
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ maturity 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reproduction 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ offspring
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ parental care
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ generation times
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ life span 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ mortality 
habitats that are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
small 
early 
many/ small 
little
short 
short 
early 
frequently disterbed
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32
Q 
k selected strategies 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ size
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ maturity 
reproduction \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ offspring
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ parental care
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ generation times
\_\_\_\_\_ life span 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ mortality 
habitats \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
large 
late
few
much
long
long
late
stable and predictable
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33
Q

r selected species are

A
  • most insects
  • small vertebrates
  • annual plants
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34
Q

k selelected species

A
  • large mammals
  • large reptiles
  • large trees
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35
Q

three ways that individuals can spread out within a population

A
  • random
  • clumped
  • regular
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36
Q

________ the expected dispersion patter in absense of any biological interactions. _____________ tree species in tropical rainforest

A

random

very rare

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37
Q

____________________ the most common dispersion pattern

A

clumped

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38
Q

3 causes for clumped dispersion pattern

A
  • favorable habitate
  • reproduction
  • defense
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39
Q

__________ is the resources are clummped the organism will be too

A

favorable habitat

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40
Q

__________ and other social behaviors

A

reproduction

41
Q

_________________ like in schooling fish

A

defense

42
Q

______________ not as common as clumped but much more common than random. results from _____________ for resources and _______ in birds

A

regular competition territority

43
Q

complete counts of individuals is impossible methods for estimating population sizes involve ___________ from population and extrapolating to actual size

A

sampling

44
Q

sampling methods for ___________ organims most frequently involve plots and line transects

A

sessile

45
Q

sampling methods for _______________ organism include trapping and spotting and listening or looking for evidence

A

motile

46
Q

______ is the variable for the number of captured and marked during capture 1

A

M

47
Q

______________ toatl # of individuals in the population

A

N

48
Q

__________ the # recapture at time 2

A

R

49
Q

________ the total # captured at time 2

A

C

50
Q

__________ is the proportion of individuals in the population that were marked at time 1

A

M/N

51
Q

______________ is the proportion of marked recaptured individuals in the sample at time 2

A

R/C

52
Q

important equation

A

m/n=r/c

53
Q

estimate population
m=948
c=421
R=167

A

n=2389.868

54
Q

variable for growth rate

A

r

55
Q

the population size will change over time due to the number of births and death this is called ____________________

A

SN/ST=B-D

56
Q

_________________; the number of births is equal to the population birth rate times the number of individuals in the population

A

D=dn

57
Q

__________________: the number of deaths is equal to the populations death rate times the number of individuals in the population

A

bn-dn=(b-d)n

58
Q

a populations ______________ is equal to a populations birth rate minus its death rate

A

R=b-d

59
Q

when growth rate is greater than zero, the birth rate exceeds death rate and the poulation ____________ in size

A

increase

60
Q

as the population size increases the growth rate also increases. This produces the ___________________ characteristic of expontential population growth

A

J shaped curve

61
Q

__________ can grow exponentially forever

A

no population

62
Q

___________________ will causes the population size to level off and stabilize at a particular number called the ___________________

A

carrying capacity

63
Q

the carrying capacity is the number of individuals in a population that an enviroment can support with its _____________________

A

limited resources

64
Q

carrying capacity must be incorporated into the population growth equation ________________________

A

limited resources

65
Q

when N is small, the term (1-NK) is close to ______ and the population essentially

A

1

66
Q

when N reaches carrying capacity the term (1-nk) becomes ________ and the population stops growing

A

0

67
Q

incorporating carrying capacity leads to the ______________ characteristic of logistic population growth

A

S shaped curve

68
Q

logistic growth is much more _________ than exponential growth

A

realistic

69
Q

logisticc growwth reflects ____________ and other density dependent factors

A

density dependent and limitting factors

70
Q

_______ signifies that these populations are always in beginning exponential growth portion of the logistic curve

A

r selected species

71
Q

____________________ signifies that these populations are always near the carrying capacity of the logistic curve

A

k selected species

72
Q

exponential and logistic growth equations assum all individuals within a population have ______________________

A

same birth and death rates

73
Q

young individuals habe birth rates ____

very old individuals have ______ death rates

A

zero

high

74
Q

population growth models can be made more realistic by incoporating __________________

A

age and structure

75
Q

_______ is the time interval corresponding to a particular age

A

x

76
Q

___________ the number of individuals survivng age x

A

Nx

77
Q

sx- _____________ the probability that an individual of age x will survive to age x+1

A

age specific survival rate

78
Q

lx-________________ the proportion of individuals that survive from birth to age x

A

survivorship

79
Q

fx= ________________ - the average number of offspring produced by individuals of age x

A

fecundity

80
Q

3 applications of life tables

A
  • survivorship curves
  • net reproductive rate
  • life cycle graphs and transition matrices
81
Q

____________ shows the proportion of total individuals that survives to each age

A

survivorship

82
Q

_____________ are constructued by plotting age on the x axis against the number of survivors on the y axis

A

survivorship curves

83
Q

_____________survivorship curves seen in nature

A

3

84
Q

_______________ most indivudals survive to old age and mortality occurs late in life

A

type 1 survivorship

85
Q

______________ individuals die at high rates when young but those that reach adulthood persist.

A

type 3 survivorship

86
Q

______________ the chance of survivng or dying remains constant throughout life history of organism

A

type 2 survivorship

87
Q

type 1 survivorship is common in

A

k selected species

88
Q

type 3 survivorship is common in

A

R selected species

89
Q

type 2 survivorship is common in

A

intermediate in the r-k continuum

90
Q

_____________ represents the average number of offspring produced by an individual within a population throughout its lifetime

A

net reproductive rate

91
Q

multiply survivorhsip by _____________ for each age then sum across all ages

A

fecundity

92
Q

Ro measures growth or decline a population from one generation to the next

A

net reproductive rate

93
Q

____________ display ages, survival rates from one age to next and fecundities

A

life cycle graphs

94
Q

transition matrices contain the same information but can also be used to ________ the size of the population and its age structure into the future

A

predict

95
Q

______________:

  • columns indicate age at the present time t
  • rows indicate ages at the next time t+1
A

transition matrix

96
Q

___________________ occurs after a few time periods, the proportion of individuals of each age will stabilize from one year to the next

A

stage age distribution

97
Q

the total number of individuals will ____________________ over time

A

decrease or increase

98
Q

life cycle graphs and transition matrices are utilized by ecologists to

A
  • protect endangered species
  • control pest species
  • determine stable harvestable species

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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