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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 29-30 > Flashcards

Chapter 29-30 Flashcards

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1
Q

________________ multicellular autotrophic terrestrial eukaryotes

A

plants

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2
Q

plants move to land occurred

A

488 mya years ago

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3
Q

benefits of plant movement to terrestrials

A
  • unfiltered sunlight
  • more CO2
  • lack of support
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4
Q

challenges of plant movement to land

A
  • scarcity of water

- lack of support

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5
Q

______________ are above ground structures that obtain light and CO2 from atmosphere

A

shoots

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6
Q

shoots consist of ______________

A

leaves and stems

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7
Q

leaves contain lignin and cell walls to keep shoot supported

A

leaves are photosynthetic organs elevated by stems

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8
Q

leaves possess ___________ to take in CO2

A

stomata

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9
Q

leaves are cover by a _________________ to prevent dehydration

A

waxy cuticle

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10
Q

_____________ below ground structures obtain water and inorganic nutrients from soil

A

roots

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11
Q

roots are symbiotically associated with _______________________________

A

fungi, mycorrhizae

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12
Q

roots anchor plants to their

A

substrate

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13
Q

_____________ located at the tips of shoots and roots

-regions of cell division that enables the plant to continually grow upward into the air or downward into the soil

A

apical meristems

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14
Q

___________ conducting tubes that run throughout the shoots and roots connecting them internally

A

vascular tissue

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15
Q

__________ transports water and minerals up from roots

A

Xylem

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16
Q

___________ transports photosynthates or sugars from the leaves to the rest of plant

A

phloem

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17
Q

all plants possess ____________________ sexual life cycle

A

alternations of generations

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18
Q

plants alternated between two multicellular generations

A

sporophyte and gametophyte

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19
Q

________________ diploid generations

A

sporophytes

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20
Q

____________________ haploid generations

A

gametophyte

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21
Q

sporocytes and spores are produced and protected with the ______________

A

sporangia

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22
Q

spore cells are surrounded by a wall of _________________ to prevent desiccation

A

sporopollenin

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23
Q

there are separate _____________________

A

male and female gametangia and gametes

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24
Q

female gametangia are called ____________ they produce female gametes, _____________

A

archegonia

egg

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25
Q

male gametangia are called _________________ they produce male gametes _______

A

antheridia

sperm

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26
Q

gametes are produce within _________

A

gamatangia

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27
Q

sperm are released from the antheridia and dispersed by ___________

A

water. Sperm swims to egg which never leaves the archegonia

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28
Q

__________ occurs in the archegonia. The zygote and embryonic sporophyte develope in the archegonia also.

A

fertilization

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29
Q

later plant group evolved additional reproductive striations like:

A
  • flowers
  • seeds
  • pollen
  • fruits
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30
Q

the gametophyte generation is _______________

A
  • dominant
  • photosynthetic
  • larger
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31
Q

the sporophyte generation is _________________

A
  • less prominent
  • smaller
  • not photosynthetic and therefore dependent on gametophyte
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32
Q

all nonvascular plants possess a _______________________ however none posses vascular tissue, shots, roots, login, seeds, roots, or flowers

A

cuticle

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33
Q

nonvascular plants are found in ___________________

A

moist habitats because male gametes travel through water, and growth is near ground

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34
Q
  • liverworts

- no stomata instead pores

A

hepaticophyta

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35
Q
  • hornwarts

- first plants to possess stomata

A

anthocerophyta

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36
Q
  • mossess

- the largest group of non vascular plants

A

bryophyta

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37
Q

in seedless vascular plants

A

the sporophyte generation is now dominant

-larger and photosynthetic

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38
Q

in seedless vascular plants

A

the gametophyte generation is less prominent

-smaller and photosynthetic free living

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39
Q

_________________ all possess vascular tissue shoots roots, apical meristems and lignin they grow larger than nonvascular plants

A

seedless vascular plants

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40
Q

seedless vascular plants still lack _____________________ constrained to water for reproduction

A

seeds pollen and flowers

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41
Q

during the _________ seedless vascular plants formed first forests

A

carboniferous period

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42
Q

fossil fuels ____________ are all fossilized remains of these ancient plants

A

coil oil and gas

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43
Q
  • club moss

- located in stroboli

A

lycophyta

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44
Q
  • wisk ferns

- sporangia are located within synagia

A

psiltophyta

45
Q
  • horsetails

- sporangia are located within stroboli

A

sphenophyta

46
Q
  • ferns

- sporangia are located in sori

A

pteridophyte

47
Q

collections of sporangia on the underside of fern leaves

A

sori

48
Q

sporefyte generation is _____________ in vascular plants

A

dominant

49
Q

sporophytes contain sporangia within _____________

A

strobili

50
Q

there are separate male and female __________________ therefore separate male and female sporangia

A

strobilli

51
Q

the female sporangium produces a single sporocyte by mitosis. The sprocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four spore

A

ovules

52
Q

the spore is not released

A

it remains in the sporangium

53
Q

the spore grows by _______________into female gametophyte

A

mitosis

54
Q

the female gametophyte contains an ________________ which produces an egg by mitosis

A

archegonium

55
Q

an integument forms around the outside of the entire of sporangium

A

this integument is a protective structure

56
Q

the ovules consists of

A 
integument
sporangium 
female gametophyte 
archegonium 
egg
57
Q

the male sporangium produces many sporocytes by mitosis

A

each sporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four functional spores

58
Q

within the sporangium, spores undergo mitosis twice to produce male gametophytes

A

the male gametophyte consists of just 4 cells

59
Q

male gametophytes do not contain __________________

A

antheridia

60
Q

the 4 celled male gametophytes is a _____________

A

pollen grain

3 cells 1 reproductive cell sperm cell

61
Q

pollen grains are released from sporangium and dispersed by _______________

A

wind

62
Q

pollen grain cells are surrounded by a wall of __________________ to resist desiccation

A

sporopellenin

63
Q

________ carries pollen to ovule

A

wind

64
Q

a tiny opening in the ovule integument allowed for ______________

A

passage of a pollen grain

65
Q

once the pollen grain contacts the sporangium within one of the three nonproductive pollen cells elongates to form a pollen tube

A

a tiny opening in the ovule integument allows for passage of a pollen grain

66
Q

______________ occurs and the zygote forms within the female gametophyte’s archegonium

A

fertilization

67
Q

the embryonic sporophyte then grows by _________ within the female gametophyte archegonium

A

mitosis

68
Q

__________ is therefore a fertilized ovule and consists of seed coat, sporangium, female gametophyte, developing embryonic sporophyte

A

seed

three generations under one roof

69
Q

____________ as the embryonic sporophyte grows it will ultimately break out of the seed the sporophyte continues to grow into an adult and the life cycle starts again

A

germination

70
Q

embryonic sporophytes are __________ within seed by a seed coat

A

protected

71
Q

embryos may remain _____________ within seeds until environments conditions are favorable

A

dormant

72
Q

the female gametophyte seven as a source of _______ for the embryo to consume as it grows within a seed

A

nutrients

73
Q

seed plants are no longer constrained by ____________________ for _________________

A

water for reproduction

-sperm polen in carried by wind

74
Q

gymnosperms means ___________________

A
  • naked seed

- ovules with strobili are not enclosed

75
Q

the largest gymnosperm group, conifers include pines, firs, cypresses, junipers, and redwoods

A

coniferophyta

76
Q

_______________ were incredibly abundant during the mesozoic era

A

cycadophyta or cycads

77
Q

only one extant species of_________________ exists to

A

ginkgophyta ( ginkgo biloba)

78
Q

the only disciduous gymnosperm

A

ginkgo

79
Q

_______________ can be found in deserts , scrublands, and rainforests

A

gnetophyta

80
Q

angio sperm means

A

clothed seed

-ovules are enclosed within ovaries of flowers

81
Q

_______________ is the largest plant group flowering plants outnumber all other plants combined

A

anthophyta

82
Q

angiosperms posses flowers in place of ______________

A

strobili

83
Q

the female reproductive flower is the ____________ which consists of ovary stigma and style

A

carpel

84
Q

_________ receives pollen

A

stigma

85
Q

the ________ allows passage of pollen grains to the _______________

A

ovary

86
Q

the ovary contains the _____________

A

ovule

87
Q

the male reproductive flower structure is the __________ which consists of anther and filament

A

stamin

88
Q

the anther produces ___________

A

pollen grains

89
Q

the filaments holds the ___________

A

anther upright

90
Q

the non reproductive flower structure is the ____________ which consist of corolla and calyx

A

perianth

91
Q

the corolla is the collection of a ________________

A

flowers petals

92
Q

the ______________ is the collection of the flowers sepals

A

calyx

93
Q

flowers enable ___________ pollination rather than relying chance of wind it relays on insects

A

directed

94
Q

once fertilization has occurred, the ovule developed into a seeds, the surrounding ovary developed into a fruit. The function of fruit is _________________________

A

seed dispersal

95
Q

there are ____________ major groups within anthophyta

A

two, monocots and eudicots

96
Q

-1/3 angiosperms are ______________

A

monocots

97
Q

-2/3 angiosperms are ______________

A

eudicots

98
Q

monocots and edicts are named for __________________________________

A

he number of cotyledons (embryonic see leaves) they posses

99
Q

monocots posses _____________________

eudicots posees _______________

A

one cotyledon

two cotyledons

100
Q

other characteristics that distinguish monocots from edicts

A
  • number of flower structures
  • root system
  • secondary growth
  • arrangement of vascular tissue in the roots
  • arrangement of vascular tissue in the stems
  • arrangement of vascular tissue in the leaves
101
Q

number of flower structures
monocots-
eudicots-

A

multiples of 3

multiples of 4/5

102
Q

roots systems
monocots-
eudicots-

A

fibrous root system

taproot system

103
Q

secondary growth
monocots-
eudicots-

A

absent

present

104
Q

arrangement of vascular tissue in the roots
monocots-
eudicots-

A

vascular ring

vascular cylinder

105
Q

arrangement of vascular tissue in the stems
monocots-
eudicots-

A

vascular bundles scattered

vascular bundles in a ring

106
Q

arrangement of vascular tissue in the leaves
monocots-
eudicots-

A

parallel venation

-reticular branching

107
Q

orchid anf grasses are examples of

A

monocots

108
Q

sunflowers, legumes, roses, cacti are examples of

A

eudicots

109
Q

humans use seed plants for: (4 things)

A
  • food
  • building
  • clothing
  • medicine

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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