Chapter 52 Flashcards
ecology directly means ____________________
the study of our house
earth
ecology is the study of _________________________________
the relationships between organisms and their enviroments
ecologists study
both biotic and abiotic factors
the study of ______________________________________ determine the ___________________________ of organisms
the interactions
the distribution and abundance
ecologists study the ____________________ in the biological hierarchy
highest levels
___________________ focuses on the adaptions of individual organisms to abiotic components of their enviroments
organismal biology
abiotic factors that influence organismal ecology
-temperature, water, sunlight
organismal ecology is also known as _____________________________
physiological ecology
________________ is a group of organisms of the same species in a particular group
population
____________________ focuses on popular dynamics, the ________________ of a population
population ecology
size, growth, and structure
_____________ consists of all of the organisms of all of the species (all of populations) in a particular area
community
________________ focuses on interactions among species
community ecology
nteractions among species:
- mutualism
- predation
- competition
___________ consists of all of the organisms in a particular area plus the abiotic components of the area
ecosystem ecology
ecosystem ecology focuses on the _______________ through the cycling of __________________________ within an ecosystem
flow of energy
cycling of nutrients
the biosphere is the __________________ of earth, all ecosystems combined
entire habitable portion
________________ focuses on global climate (temperature and precipitation) patterns and the distribution of biomes (ecosystem types) that result from those patterns
biosphere
since mid 1900’s there have been incidences of ____________________ in amphibians
limb deformities
deformed amphibians have found to contain ___________________
parasitic flukes
a ______________ was conducted:
-amphibians eggs were hatched and tadpoles were raised within containers. Each container was assigned at random to one of four treatments
controlled lab
why is this increase in limb deformities occuring only recently
pesticides have been found contaminating many of the pods that contain deformed amphibians
a ________________ was conductions
controlled field experiement
- 6 ponds: all contained flukes. Only 3 were close enough for famrs to recieve water.
- 6 cages in each pond for tadpoles. Three had small mesh through which flukes could not enter. Three had large mesh allowing entrance of flukes
________________ cause amphibian limb deformities
infection by flukes
_____________ decrease the ability of amphibians to resist parasite infection
pesticides
as pesticides use is relatively __________ so too is the increase in amphibian limb deformities
recent
the four major mechanisms by which organisms gain or loose heat
- solar radiation
- sensible heat
- latent heat
- metabolic heat
_______________ are affected by temperature
phsiological processes
______________ convection and conduction
sensible het
______________ evaporation and condensation
latent heat
enzymes catalye reactions faster at ___________ temperatures
higher
_________ temperatures therefore do not support physiological processess well
low
at extremely high temperatures enzymes become ______________________
denatured
because of denaturing _________ temperatures also therefore do not support these processess
very high
__________ in plants are resistant to cold, so annual plant survive cold seasons by existing exclusively as _________________
seeds
___________ regulate the amount of solar radiation they receive to maintain fairly constant temperature
ectotherms
ectotherms have a ____________________ which is better able to exchange heat with their surroundings
high surface area to volume
endotherms regulate their body temperature ___________
metabolically
convection is the heat exchange between ________________________________________
a gas or liquid circulating around a solid
in convection air or water circulates around the organisms body is heat by the body and moves away from the body which leaves the body ____________ behind
cooler
conduction is the heat exchange between ___________ in contact with each other
2 solids
evaporation is the conversion of ____________________. This ___________ an organisms
liquid to gas
evaporation is the conversion of ____________________. This ___________ an organisms
liquid to gas
cools
condensation is the conversion of ________________. this _____________ an organisms body
gas to liquid
warms
____________ solar radiation is the pubesce, waxy cuticle, curled or vertical orientation
decrease
______________ sensible heat (convection) is the compound leaves increase the surface area to volume ration for more air contact and heat exchange
increase
___________ latent heat (evaportation)
increases
evaporation is called _________ in plants. This requires large amounts of water, so plants must have deep or wide spreading roots or be able to store water
transpiration
_________________ are endotherms that relax controls of their metabolism during inactive periods, allowing their body temperatures to drop to near enviromental temperture
heterotherms
________________ the production of excess sugars within cells, which increases their solute concentration and lower freezing points
supercooling
light provides a cue that _______________ are changing
enviromental conditions
example of ectotherms that regulate solar radiation
fish, amphibians, nonbird reptiles, most invertaebrates
as body size increases surface area to volume size ratio __________________________
decrease
__________ ectotherms are therefore not common
large
it is currently believed that ______________ were endotherms not ectotherms
dinosars
______________ the solar radiation wavelengths that provide the energy for photosynthesis. _________________________
photosynthetically active radiation
____________________ graphs that show the relationship between light levels and photosynthesis rates
light responce curves
endothermy is very effective but there is a tradeoff with the amount of ________________ required
energy
example of endotherms that regulate metabolically
birds and mammals
other mechanisms by which endotherms tolerate temperature extremes
- insulation
- shivering
- evaporative cooling
____________ fur, feathers, fat
insulation
__________ involunatary muscle activity to increase heat production
shivering
______________ sweating, panting, and breathing
evaporative cooling
two examples of heterotherms
- torpor
- hybernation
_____________ metabolism is relaxed ____________. Bats during day, hummingbirds at night
torpor
daily
_______________: metabolism is relaxed ______________> _____________ and many rodents-squirrels and mice
hibernation
not bears
__________________: light energy is sued to oxidize water into oxygen, providing the electrons required to make high energy ATP and NADPH
light reaction (of photosyntesis)
_____________ ATP and NADPH energy is used to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose and other carbohydrates which are high in chemical energy
calvin cycle (of photosyntesis)
2 qualities of water that lead to waters properties of life
- polarity of water
- hydrogen bonds
______________ the solar radiation wavelengths that provide the energy for photosynthesis. _________________________
photosynthetically active radiation
-all light except green
a plants water use efficiency WUE relates the amount of _______________________________
CO2 entering the plant to the amount of H20 lost from the plant
HIgh WUE means
much CO2 in with little H20 lost
__________ is not very efficient as it will also bring 02 into calvin cycle. This yields no photosynthetic output and wastes CO2 present because the calvin cycle is occupies by 02. ________________
wue is lowered
in c4 plants CO2 is first bound to __________________ an enzyme with no affinity for water
pep carboxylase
photoinhibition _________________ photosynthesis rates at very high light levels due to damage causes by excessive amounts of energy. too much light is generally not a problem for most plants
reduced
_________________ are able to maintain positive net photosynthesis even in very low light levels
shade tolerant plants
shade tolerant plants are found in forest ______________ where most light is blocked
understories
characteristics of shade tolerant plants
- _______________ conpensation point
- _______ saturation point
- susceptible to ___________________
low
low
photoinhibition
mechanisms of shade tolerance:
- allocation of more resources to the _______________________
- allocation of more resources to the ___________________
- thinner but _________ leaves
light reactions than to the calvin cycle
leaves than to the stems
widder
______________ daily patterns of activity that correspond to a 24 hour cycle of light and dark. Best demonstrated by diurnal and nocturnal organisms
circadian rhythm
_______________ is a response to changing daylengths throughout the year. Changing light levels is the most reliable cue of upcoming seasonal changes
photoperiodism
the CO2 bound in the pep is transported to the _________________ the only cell in which the __________ occurs
bundle sheath cells
calvin cycle
cam plants open their __________ at night when there is less transpirational pull on H2O
stomata
water molecules stick to each other _____________ and to other molecules ________________
cohesion
adhesion
____________ is necessary for transport of water up a plant stem
cohesion and adhesion
water has a high __________________:
- water helps organisms maintain fairly constant body temp
- water moderates the temperature of the enviroments in which organisms live
- water has a high boiling point and low freezing point so it is ___________ at ambiant earth temperatures
specific heat capacity
liquid
excellent __________ for dissolving solutes
- common acqueous solutions include the cytosol of cells, the blood of animals and the sap of plants
- water also transports solutes well because it flows easily
solvent
__________ the majority of plants with normal water requirements
mesophytes
___________ plant adapted to dry enviroments with low water requirements
xerophytes
_____________ plant adapted to very wet enviroments, with high water requirements
hydrophytes
4 ways to reduce water loss
- reabsorb water
- reduce evaporative cooling
- waterproofing _________
- waterproofing ______________
____________ is the major enzyme that brings CO2 into the calvin cycle
rubisco
__________ is not very efficient as it will also bring 02 into calvin cycle. This yields no photosynthetic output and wastes CO2 present because the calvin cycle is occupies by 02. ________________
rubisco
wue is lowered
most plants are c3 plants and must deal with this problem called ___________________________
photorespiration
___________ have evolved alternative photosynthetic pathways to increas WUE
- c4 pathway
- cam pathway
xerophytes
reduce evaporative water loss by surpressing ________________ in african savanna ungulates
panting and sweating
3 examples of obtaining water from food
- desert insects derive water from feeding on succulent plants
- desert birds and lizards then derive water from feeding on the insects
- kangarood rats metabolically produce water from dry seeds
acquatic animals must maintain proper _____________ in order to regulate the amount of water lost or gained
solute concentration
the c4 strategy increases WUE by efficiency ______________ taken into the plant
utilizing all of the
no special adaptation are necessary for ______________
osmoregulation
CO2 is first bound to pepcase and is stored in the cells _____________ overnight
vacuole
when stomata are closed CO2 is relaeased from the ____________ to go through the calvin cycle while the light reactions are proceeding
minimizing the amount of H2O lost
when stomata are closed CO2 is relaeased from the ____________ to go through the calvin cycle while the light reactions are proceeding
vacuole
the cam strategy increases WUE by ______________ from the plant
minimizing the amount of H2O lost
why haven’t all plants evolved a C4 or CAM strategy?
- more ________ is required for these pathways so there is trade off involved
- the benefits outweight the cost for _________ in very dry enviroments
energy
xerophytes
how do animals avoid adverse dry conditions
- become nocternal
- migrate out during the dry season
- go dormant during dry season
_____________ is exhibited by many desert animals
becoming nocternal
_______________ is exhibited by african savanna ungulattes
-migrate out during the dry season
_________________ is hibernation due to water stress rather than temperature stress exhibited by insects
diapause
reduce water loss
- reabsorb ater in the __________________
- reduce evaporative water loss by supressing sweating
- waterproofing __________
- waterproofing _______________
kidneys and intestines
reptiles scales
exoskeletine
reabsorb water in the __________________ to reduce water lost with the urine and feces
kidneys and intestines
waterproofing ___________ exhibited by reptiles
scales
waterproofing __________ exhibted by arthropods
exoskeleton
kangarro rats metabolically produce water from dry seeds and convert carbydrates into _________________
CO2 and H2O
marine invertebrates are ___________ to their enviroment
isotonic
marine vertebrates are ____________ to their enviroment
hypotonic
solute concentration inside the animals are ________________ than solute concentration in surrounding water in hypotonic
less
water concentration inside the animals is ______________ than water concentration in surroudings. These animals ________________ water
greater
freshwater animals are ____________ to their enviroment
lossing
solute concentration inside the animals are _____________ than solute concentrations in surrounding water
hypertonic
water concentration inside the animals is ___________ then water concentration in the surroundings. These animals ___________ water. In hypertonic
less
gain
Freshwater animals constantly expel water with ______________
water
