Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 52 > Flashcards

Chapter 52 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ecology directly means ____________________

A

the study of our house

earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ecology is the study of _________________________________

A

the relationships between organisms and their enviroments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ecologists study

A

both biotic and abiotic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the study of ______________________________________ determine the ___________________________ of organisms

A

the interactions

the distribution and abundance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ecologists study the ____________________ in the biological hierarchy

A

highest levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

___________________ focuses on the adaptions of individual organisms to abiotic components of their enviroments

A

organismal biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

abiotic factors that influence organismal ecology

A

-temperature, water, sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

organismal ecology is also known as _____________________________

A

physiological ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

________________ is a group of organisms of the same species in a particular group

A

population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

____________________ focuses on popular dynamics, the ________________ of a population

A

population ecology

size, growth, and structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_____________ consists of all of the organisms of all of the species (all of populations) in a particular area

A

community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

________________ focuses on interactions among species

A

community ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

nteractions among species:

A
  • mutualism
  • predation
  • competition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

___________ consists of all of the organisms in a particular area plus the abiotic components of the area

A

ecosystem ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ecosystem ecology focuses on the _______________ through the cycling of __________________________ within an ecosystem

A

flow of energy

cycling of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the biosphere is the __________________ of earth, all ecosystems combined

A

entire habitable portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

________________ focuses on global climate (temperature and precipitation) patterns and the distribution of biomes (ecosystem types) that result from those patterns

A

biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

since mid 1900’s there have been incidences of ____________________ in amphibians

A

limb deformities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

deformed amphibians have found to contain ___________________

A

parasitic flukes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

a ______________ was conducted:
-amphibians eggs were hatched and tadpoles were raised within containers. Each container was assigned at random to one of four treatments

A

controlled lab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why is this increase in limb deformities occuring only recently

A

pesticides have been found contaminating many of the pods that contain deformed amphibians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a ________________ was conductions

A

controlled field experiement

  • 6 ponds: all contained flukes. Only 3 were close enough for famrs to recieve water.
  • 6 cages in each pond for tadpoles. Three had small mesh through which flukes could not enter. Three had large mesh allowing entrance of flukes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

________________ cause amphibian limb deformities

A

infection by flukes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

_____________ decrease the ability of amphibians to resist parasite infection

A

pesticides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

as pesticides use is relatively __________ so too is the increase in amphibian limb deformities

A

recent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the four major mechanisms by which organisms gain or loose heat

A
  • solar radiation
  • sensible heat
  • latent heat
  • metabolic heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

_______________ are affected by temperature

A

phsiological processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

______________ convection and conduction

A

sensible het

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

______________ evaporation and condensation

A

latent heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

enzymes catalye reactions faster at ___________ temperatures

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

_________ temperatures therefore do not support physiological processess well

A

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

at extremely high temperatures enzymes become ______________________

A

denatured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

because of denaturing _________ temperatures also therefore do not support these processess

A

very high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

__________ in plants are resistant to cold, so annual plant survive cold seasons by existing exclusively as _________________

A

seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

___________ regulate the amount of solar radiation they receive to maintain fairly constant temperature

A

ectotherms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

ectotherms have a ____________________ which is better able to exchange heat with their surroundings

A

high surface area to volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

endotherms regulate their body temperature ___________

A

metabolically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

convection is the heat exchange between ________________________________________

A

a gas or liquid circulating around a solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

in convection air or water circulates around the organisms body is heat by the body and moves away from the body which leaves the body ____________ behind

A

cooler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

conduction is the heat exchange between ___________ in contact with each other

A

2 solids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

evaporation is the conversion of ____________________. This ___________ an organisms

A

liquid to gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

evaporation is the conversion of ____________________. This ___________ an organisms

A

liquid to gas

cools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

condensation is the conversion of ________________. this _____________ an organisms body

A

gas to liquid

warms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

____________ solar radiation is the pubesce, waxy cuticle, curled or vertical orientation

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

______________ sensible heat (convection) is the compound leaves increase the surface area to volume ration for more air contact and heat exchange

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

___________ latent heat (evaportation)

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

evaporation is called _________ in plants. This requires large amounts of water, so plants must have deep or wide spreading roots or be able to store water

A

transpiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

_________________ are endotherms that relax controls of their metabolism during inactive periods, allowing their body temperatures to drop to near enviromental temperture

A

heterotherms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

________________ the production of excess sugars within cells, which increases their solute concentration and lower freezing points

A

supercooling

50
Q

light provides a cue that _______________ are changing

A

enviromental conditions

51
Q

example of ectotherms that regulate solar radiation

A

fish, amphibians, nonbird reptiles, most invertaebrates

52
Q

as body size increases surface area to volume size ratio __________________________

A

decrease

53
Q

__________ ectotherms are therefore not common

A

large

54
Q

it is currently believed that ______________ were endotherms not ectotherms

A

dinosars

55
Q

______________ the solar radiation wavelengths that provide the energy for photosynthesis. _________________________

A

photosynthetically active radiation

56
Q

____________________ graphs that show the relationship between light levels and photosynthesis rates

A

light responce curves

57
Q

endothermy is very effective but there is a tradeoff with the amount of ________________ required

A

energy

58
Q

example of endotherms that regulate metabolically

A

birds and mammals

59
Q

other mechanisms by which endotherms tolerate temperature extremes

A
  • insulation
  • shivering
  • evaporative cooling
60
Q

____________ fur, feathers, fat

A

insulation

61
Q

__________ involunatary muscle activity to increase heat production

A

shivering

62
Q

______________ sweating, panting, and breathing

A

evaporative cooling

63
Q

two examples of heterotherms

A
  • torpor

- hybernation

64
Q

_____________ metabolism is relaxed ____________. Bats during day, hummingbirds at night

A

torpor

daily

65
Q

_______________: metabolism is relaxed ______________> _____________ and many rodents-squirrels and mice

A

hibernation

not bears

66
Q

__________________: light energy is sued to oxidize water into oxygen, providing the electrons required to make high energy ATP and NADPH

A

light reaction (of photosyntesis)

67
Q

_____________ ATP and NADPH energy is used to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose and other carbohydrates which are high in chemical energy

A

calvin cycle (of photosyntesis)

68
Q

2 qualities of water that lead to waters properties of life

A
  • polarity of water

- hydrogen bonds

69
Q

______________ the solar radiation wavelengths that provide the energy for photosynthesis. _________________________

A

photosynthetically active radiation

-all light except green

70
Q

a plants water use efficiency WUE relates the amount of _______________________________

A

CO2 entering the plant to the amount of H20 lost from the plant

71
Q

HIgh WUE means

A

much CO2 in with little H20 lost

72
Q

__________ is not very efficient as it will also bring 02 into calvin cycle. This yields no photosynthetic output and wastes CO2 present because the calvin cycle is occupies by 02. ________________

A

wue is lowered

73
Q

in c4 plants CO2 is first bound to __________________ an enzyme with no affinity for water

A

pep carboxylase

74
Q

photoinhibition _________________ photosynthesis rates at very high light levels due to damage causes by excessive amounts of energy. too much light is generally not a problem for most plants

A

reduced

75
Q

_________________ are able to maintain positive net photosynthesis even in very low light levels

A

shade tolerant plants

76
Q

shade tolerant plants are found in forest ______________ where most light is blocked

A

understories

77
Q

characteristics of shade tolerant plants

  • _______________ conpensation point
  • _______ saturation point
  • susceptible to ___________________
A

low
low
photoinhibition

78
Q

mechanisms of shade tolerance:

  • allocation of more resources to the _______________________
  • allocation of more resources to the ___________________
  • thinner but _________ leaves
A

light reactions than to the calvin cycle
leaves than to the stems
widder

79
Q

______________ daily patterns of activity that correspond to a 24 hour cycle of light and dark. Best demonstrated by diurnal and nocturnal organisms

A

circadian rhythm

80
Q

_______________ is a response to changing daylengths throughout the year. Changing light levels is the most reliable cue of upcoming seasonal changes

A

photoperiodism

81
Q

the CO2 bound in the pep is transported to the _________________ the only cell in which the __________ occurs

A

bundle sheath cells

calvin cycle

82
Q

cam plants open their __________ at night when there is less transpirational pull on H2O

A

stomata

83
Q

water molecules stick to each other _____________ and to other molecules ________________

A

cohesion

adhesion

84
Q

____________ is necessary for transport of water up a plant stem

A

cohesion and adhesion

85
Q

water has a high __________________:

  • water helps organisms maintain fairly constant body temp
  • water moderates the temperature of the enviroments in which organisms live
  • water has a high boiling point and low freezing point so it is ___________ at ambiant earth temperatures
A

specific heat capacity

liquid

86
Q

excellent __________ for dissolving solutes

  • common acqueous solutions include the cytosol of cells, the blood of animals and the sap of plants
  • water also transports solutes well because it flows easily
A

solvent

87
Q

__________ the majority of plants with normal water requirements

A

mesophytes

88
Q

___________ plant adapted to dry enviroments with low water requirements

A

xerophytes

89
Q

_____________ plant adapted to very wet enviroments, with high water requirements

A

hydrophytes

90
Q

4 ways to reduce water loss

A
  • reabsorb water
  • reduce evaporative cooling
  • waterproofing _________
  • waterproofing ______________
91
Q

____________ is the major enzyme that brings CO2 into the calvin cycle

A

rubisco

92
Q

__________ is not very efficient as it will also bring 02 into calvin cycle. This yields no photosynthetic output and wastes CO2 present because the calvin cycle is occupies by 02. ________________

A

rubisco

wue is lowered

93
Q

most plants are c3 plants and must deal with this problem called ___________________________

A

photorespiration

94
Q

___________ have evolved alternative photosynthetic pathways to increas WUE

  • c4 pathway
  • cam pathway
A

xerophytes

95
Q

reduce evaporative water loss by surpressing ________________ in african savanna ungulates

A

panting and sweating

96
Q

3 examples of obtaining water from food

A
  • desert insects derive water from feeding on succulent plants
  • desert birds and lizards then derive water from feeding on the insects
  • kangarood rats metabolically produce water from dry seeds
97
Q

acquatic animals must maintain proper _____________ in order to regulate the amount of water lost or gained

A

solute concentration

98
Q

the c4 strategy increases WUE by efficiency ______________ taken into the plant

A

utilizing all of the

99
Q

no special adaptation are necessary for ______________

A

osmoregulation

100
Q

CO2 is first bound to pepcase and is stored in the cells _____________ overnight

A

vacuole

101
Q

when stomata are closed CO2 is relaeased from the ____________ to go through the calvin cycle while the light reactions are proceeding

A

minimizing the amount of H2O lost

102
Q

when stomata are closed CO2 is relaeased from the ____________ to go through the calvin cycle while the light reactions are proceeding

A

vacuole

103
Q

the cam strategy increases WUE by ______________ from the plant

A

minimizing the amount of H2O lost

104
Q

why haven’t all plants evolved a C4 or CAM strategy?

  • more ________ is required for these pathways so there is trade off involved
  • the benefits outweight the cost for _________ in very dry enviroments
A

energy

xerophytes

105
Q

how do animals avoid adverse dry conditions

A
  • become nocternal
  • migrate out during the dry season
  • go dormant during dry season
106
Q

_____________ is exhibited by many desert animals

A

becoming nocternal

107
Q

_______________ is exhibited by african savanna ungulattes

A

-migrate out during the dry season

108
Q

_________________ is hibernation due to water stress rather than temperature stress exhibited by insects

A

diapause

109
Q

reduce water loss

  • reabsorb ater in the __________________
  • reduce evaporative water loss by supressing sweating
  • waterproofing __________
  • waterproofing _______________
A

kidneys and intestines
reptiles scales
exoskeletine

110
Q

reabsorb water in the __________________ to reduce water lost with the urine and feces

A

kidneys and intestines

111
Q

waterproofing ___________ exhibited by reptiles

A

scales

112
Q

waterproofing __________ exhibted by arthropods

A

exoskeleton

113
Q

kangarro rats metabolically produce water from dry seeds and convert carbydrates into _________________

A

CO2 and H2O

114
Q

marine invertebrates are ___________ to their enviroment

A

isotonic

115
Q

marine vertebrates are ____________ to their enviroment

A

hypotonic

116
Q

solute concentration inside the animals are ________________ than solute concentration in surrounding water in hypotonic

A

less

117
Q

water concentration inside the animals is ______________ than water concentration in surroudings. These animals ________________ water

A

greater

118
Q

freshwater animals are ____________ to their enviroment

A

lossing

119
Q

solute concentration inside the animals are _____________ than solute concentrations in surrounding water

A

hypertonic

120
Q

water concentration inside the animals is ___________ then water concentration in the surroundings. These animals ___________ water. In hypertonic

A

less

gain

121
Q

Freshwater animals constantly expel water with ______________

A

water

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions