Chapter 36 Flashcards
water and minerals in ______ are ________ by roots
soil, absorbed
water and minerals are transported upward from roots to shoots as ________________
xylem sap
__________________ the evaporative loss of water from leaves through stomata creates a force that pulles xylem sap upward
transpiration
_________________ are produced by photosynthesis in the leaves. They are transported by __________________
sugars phloem sap (from source to sink)
a sugar source ___________
produces sugar, leaves
a sugar sink is an organ that ____________ (3)
consumes sugar
shoot tip, roots, flowers/leaves
______________ occurs in the leaves and in the roots
gas exchange
leaves take in _________ and release _________ through the _________________
CO2, 02, stomata
roots exchange gass with air spaces in soil
taking in 02 and releasing C02
soil particles are classified by _________
size
3 sizes of soil
- sand
- silt
- clay
soil contains __________: dead organic matter
humus
sand has _______________ between particles. Water and minerals are leached through sand. These enable efficient diffusion of oxygen of plant roots
large pools
silt and clay have very _____________ between particles. and minerals are not leached through silt and clay. Water and minerals are not leached through silt and clay. Water drains so slowly through silt and clay that saturated the soil
small pores
the most productive soil contains
and equal mixture of sand silt and clay
and equal mixture of sand silt and clay
loam
_________________ consists of organic matter decomposing in soil
humus
high content is optimal for plant nutrition
humus is main source of mineral nutrients in the soil
humus provided increased surface area for adhesion of water and minerals
live organic are necessary for decomposition and soil mixing
bacteria fungi anthropoid worms and plant roots live within and shape the soil
although excessive amounts of water can have negative consequences,
a water deficiency is of course harmful as well
minerals are dissolved in a solution
a very dry soil therefore leads to a lack of both water and nutrients
soil particles tend to be ________________
negatively charged ions
a majority of a plants essential inorganic nutrients ref ___________________________________________
positively charged cations and adhere to the negative anions of the soil
________________ has a high hydrogen ion (H+) concentration
acidic
H+ ions (hydrogen ions) adhere to soil particles displacing essential cations
cations are leached through soil and are no longer available to plant roots
__________________ soil is optimal PH for plant nutrient
neutral or slightly basic
a __________________ is considered essential if it is required by a plant in order to complete its life cycle
chemical element
_________________ can be used to determine which elements are essential
hydrophobic culture
________ elements are essential for plant nutrition
17
_________ of these macronutrients required in high quantities
9
_________ of these micronutrients required in small quantities
8
symptoms of a nutrient deficiency depend on the ________
nutrient function
magnesium is a component of __________________ a magnesium deficiency will result in _____________
chlorophyll
chlorosis
deficiencies of __________________________________ are most common in pants
nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium
plants form _____________ relations ships with bacteria and fungi 2 examples
mutualistic
- root nodules
- mycorrhizae
_______________ is the most abundant gass in the atmosphere but cannot be incorporated directly into plant proteins or nucleic acids
nitrogen gas
plants form _________________ relationships with other plants as well as with animals
nonmutualistic
parasitic plants
carnivorous plants
___________________ is the conversion of N2 into ammonia and other usable forms
nitrogen fixation
soil bacterium such as __________________ are nitrogen fixers in plant roots that extract fixed nitrogen from soil
nitrosomas
certain plants _______________ are involved in mutualistic symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria such as __________________
legume
rhizobium
root nodules do (3 things)
- bacteria reside on nodules along plant roots
- bacteria provide fixed nitrogen to the plants
- plants in return provide photoshinthates and shelter to bacteria
__________________ are mutualistic symbiotic relationships between plant roots ad fungi. Incredibly common in all plants
mycorrhizae
fungi wraps around plant roots and spread into the soil
the plants provide photosynthates to the fungi
________________ obtain organic and inorganic nutrients from a host plant harming the host in the process
parasitic plants
some plants are ____________ they are capable of photosynthesis but also obtain much other water and nutrients from host plant. Mistletoes
hemiparasites
other plants are classified as ____________ they cannot photosynthesize and there extract all of they nutrients from a host plant. Daughter
holoparasites
carnivorous plants are photosynthetic but supplement their __________ supply by trapping and digesting insects and other animals
nitrogen
carnivorous plants are generally found in bogs with _______________ soil
nitrogen-poor
carnivorous plants trap and kill they prey using highly modified __________
leaves
3 types of carnivorous plants
- venus flytrap
- sundew
- pitcher plant
