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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 48 &50 > Flashcards

Chapter 48 &50 Flashcards

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1
Q

the nervous system functions in _____________________ within the animal’s body

A

communication and cordination

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2
Q

_________________ are cells that transmit electrical messages from one part of the body to another

A

neurons

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3
Q

the nervous system is subdivided into

A

two divisions

  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
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4
Q

________________________ consists of brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system CNS

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5
Q

_________________ consists of nerves that carry signals between CNS to rest of body

A

peripheral nervous system PNS

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6
Q

______________________ a bundle of neurons

A

nerves

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7
Q

___________________ percieve stimuli and generate electrical impulses in responce to them

A

sensory receptors

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8
Q

___________________ transmit sensory imput to brain and spinal cord

A

nerves

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9
Q

2 parts of sensory input

A
  • sensory receptors

- nerves

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10
Q

the _____________ process and interprets the senesory imput and dictates an appropriate response

A

CNS

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11
Q

nerves transmit CNS instructions to effectors, ____________________.
AN __________________ arrive at the effector and triggers it to respond

A

muscles and glands

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12
Q

because sponges lack true tissue there is no __________________

A

nervous sytem

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13
Q

cnidarians possess a _________________

A

nerve net

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14
Q

_______________ a diffuse network of interconnected neurons extending throughout the body

A

nerve net

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15
Q

because flatworms are the first to exhibit bilateral symetry and its two ______________________

A

accompaning nervous system innovation

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16
Q

________________ aconcentration of nervous tissue at the anterior end of the body

A

cephalization

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17
Q

_______________ the presence of a central nervous system distinct from a peripheral nervous system

A

centralization

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18
Q

__________________ are the functional cells of nervous tissue receiving the transmitting electrical impulses

A

neurons

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19
Q

neurons contain a central cell body that houses the _____________________

A

nucleus and other organelles

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20
Q

multiple short branching process called ________________ extend off of the neuron’s cell body

A

dendrites

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21
Q

the dendrites _______________ incoming nerve impulses from neighboring neurons and pass them to the cell body

A

receive

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22
Q

a single long unbranched process celled an _________________ extends off the other side of the cell body

A

axon

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23
Q

an axon ____________ nerve impulses away from the cell body to a neighboring neuron or to an effector

A

sends

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24
Q

in addition to neurons nervous tissue contain _______________

A

glial cells

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25
Q

_____________ are smaller and more numberous than neurons

A

glial cells

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26
Q

______________ do not function in transmitting electrical signals. nstead they provide _____________ for neurons

A

glial cells

support

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27
Q

________________ are glial cells that attach neurons to capillaries, connecting the neurons to their nutrient supply

A

astrocyte

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28
Q

_____________________ wrap around the neurons axon , gaps exist between neighboring schwann cells or nodes , nerve impulses jump from node to node

A

schwann cells

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29
Q

the ___________________ is an insulating layer formed by the schwann cells

A

myelin sheath

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30
Q

__________ gaps exhisting between neighboring schwann cells

A

nodes

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31
Q

myelin sheath significantly ______________ of a nerve impulse alond the axon

A

speeds up the transmission

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32
Q

at rest a neuron has a _________________

A

potential energy

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33
Q

a neurons potential energy

A

neurons resting potential

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34
Q

a neurons resting potential is _____________________

A

-70 millivolts

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35
Q

a neurons ______________ contains proteins (pumps and channels) that regulate the passage of ions and maintain resting potential

A

plasma membrane

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36
Q

_____________ actively transport Na out of the neuron and K into the neuron

A

sodium potassium pump

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37
Q

there are only a few __________ channels but many ___________ channels

A

Na

K

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38
Q

_________ can flow easily but __________ cannot flow easiy

A

K

Na

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39
Q

the _________ of the neuron becomes less positive relative to the _________________

A

inside

outside

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40
Q

an electrical impulse tranveling along a neurons axon or dendrites is called an _______________

A

actions potential

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41
Q

___________ are generated when a neuron is resting potential is altered

A

actions potential

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42
Q

__________ is any facter that causes a change in the membrane voltage triggering an action potential

A

a stimulus

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43
Q

a neurons resting potential of _________ is maintained by ________________ and open channels

A

-70mv

sodium potassium

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44
Q

________________ are closed channels

A

Na and K channels

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45
Q

_________________ the stimulus opens a few NA gated channels. This allows a small amount of NA to enter into the neuron. if the strimulus is strong enough additional NA gated channels open allowing sufficient NA to enter into the neuron

A

stimulus is applies

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46
Q

_________________ the stimulus opens a few NA gated channels. This allows a small amount of NA to enter into the neuron. if the strimulus is strong enough additional NA gated channels open allowing sufficient NA to enter into the neuron

A

stimulus is applied

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47
Q

________________ once threshold is reach an action potential is generated. Many NA gated channels open and much more NA enters into the neuron. THe interior of the neuron now becomes positively charged relative to the exterior peaking at 35 mv

A

depolarization

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48
Q

depolarization is the interior of the neurons becoes positively charged relative to the exterior peaking at

A

35 MV

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49
Q

______________ peak membrane voltage results in the cosing NA gated channels so NA can not longer enter K gated channels now open and K rapidly exits the neuron. the interior of the neuron again becomes negatively charged relative to the interior

A

repolarization

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50
Q

a _________________ occurs because K gated channels close relatively slowly. once they close, ______________ is restored

A

undershoot in membrane voltage

resting potential

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51
Q

_______________ action potential is localized event at a specific location on the neurons plasma membrane

A

action potential

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52
Q

to function in communication ________________ must be passed along the length of the neurons axon or dendrites

A

action potential

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53
Q

an action potential _______________ stage influx of NA, causes an electrical change large enough to affect the adjacent region on a neuron’s plasma membrane

A

depolarization

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54
Q

the action potential stimulates _________________________ in the adjacent region resulting a new action potential

A

NA gated channels

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55
Q

action potential are propagated along the length of a ________________

A

neurons

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56
Q

action potentials are conducted in _____________ along a neuron

A

just one direction

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57
Q

action potential cannot travel backwards because ______________ is taking place in adjacent region

A

repolarization

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58
Q

Why neurons don not travel backwards _________________ cannot occur where _________ occurs

A

depolarization

repolarization

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59
Q

a _______________ is an action potential relay point between neighboring neurons

A

synapse

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60
Q

synapse occurs between ________________

A

neurons and muscles cells

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61
Q

synapse consists of

A
  • synaptic terminal of sending neuron
  • dendrite of a receiving neuron
  • small space between them
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62
Q

_____________ are branched at the end of an axon

A

synaptic terminals

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63
Q

the space between neighboring neurons is called the _________________________

A

synaptic cleft

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64
Q

an action potential arriving at the synaptic terminal results in the release of ________________ into the synaptic cleft

A

neurotransmitters

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65
Q

__________________ are chemicals that bind to receptor proteins on the neighboring dendrites opening its ion channels and generating new action potential

A

neurotransmitters

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66
Q

nerves impulse therefore convert ____________________________________________________

A

from electrical to chemical and back to electrical

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67
Q

________________ are synthesized from amino acids

A

biogenic amines

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68
Q

neurotransmitters are small _________________ molecules

A

nitrogen containing

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69
Q

_______________ are structures that detect stimuli

A

sensory receptors

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70
Q

________________ are changes in the external or internal enviroment

A

stimuli

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71
Q

based on the type of stimuli to which they respond sensory organs can be classified into five general categories

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • electromagnetic receptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • pain receptors
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72
Q

receptors can be __________________

A

relatively simple

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73
Q

__________ dendrites of a single sensory neuron

A

receptors

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74
Q

receptors can be _______________________

A

very complex

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75
Q

__________ entire sense organs such as the eye

A

receptors

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76
Q

mechanoreceptors sense ___________________________ caused by stimuli such as touch, pressure, stretch, and sound

A

mechanoreceptors

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77
Q

hearing and equilibrium utilize ____________

A

mechanoreceptors

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78
Q

mechanoreceptors sense ___________________________ caused by stimuli such as touch, pressure, stretch, and sound

A

physical movement

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79
Q

taste and smell are ________________

A

mechanoreceptors

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80
Q

___________ in bats porpoises is an extrahuman mechanoreceptor sense

A

echolocation

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81
Q

taste and smell must be ________________ in order to be detected

A

dissolved insolution

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82
Q

the antennae of male silk worm moth have chemoreceptors that bind to ______________________

A

female pharamones

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83
Q

photoreceptors are electromagnetic receptors that detect ____________________

A

visible light

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84
Q

bees have photoreceptors that detect ____________________

A

ultra violet light

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85
Q

rattlesnakes have ____________ receptors that detect the body heat of prey

A

infrared light

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86
Q

____________ is the ability to sense electrical fields

A

electroreception

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87
Q

sharks use electroreception ___________________ to detect the minute electrical activity of muscles and nerves in nearby prey

A

ampullae of lorenzini

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88
Q

magnetoreception is ability to respond to _____________

A

magnetic fields

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89
Q

migratory birds and whales navigate using _____________________ which detect earths magnetic field

A

magnetoreception

90
Q

__________ deteact heat or cold

A

thermoreceptors

91
Q

pain receptors ________________ respond to excess pressure chemical, light heat

A

nociceptors

92
Q

__________________ is the conversion a stimulus to an electrical signal in the sensory receptor cells

A

sensory transduction

93
Q

electrical signals is receptors cells are called ____________________

A

receptor potentials

94
Q

_________________ are converted to action potentials in the sensory neurons

A

receptor potentials

95
Q

receptors cells ______________ with sensory neurons

A

synapse

96
Q

________________ is accomplished by way of outer, middle, and inner ears

A

hearing

97
Q

_____________ is accomplished by way of the inner ear only

A

equalibrium

98
Q

the __________ is the entrance of sound waves into the ear

A

pinna

99
Q

the ____________ channels sound waves to the eardrum

A

auditory canal

100
Q

sound waves vibrate eardrum, trasmitting the waves to the ____________________

A

middle ear

101
Q

the middle ear contains three ____________________ that concentrate the sound vibration while transmitting them from the outer ear to the inner eat

A

auditory bones

102
Q

order of ear bones

A

malleus——-> incus ———–> incus ————-> stapes

103
Q

the inner ear consists of ____________________

A

cochlea and semicircular canals

104
Q

_______________ functions in hearing while the semicircular canals function in equalibrium

A

cochlea

105
Q

________ are transmitted as pressure waves through three fluid filled canals within the cochlea

A

sound vibrations

106
Q

___________________ are recepters cells for hearing

A

hair cells

107
Q

the __________________ which contain hair cells is located within one of these canals

A

organ of corti

108
Q

the walls of the eye consists of 3 layers

A
  • fibrous tunic
  • vascular tunic
  • retina
109
Q

the _______________ consists of cornea and sclera

A

fibrous tunic

110
Q

the cornea is the ________________________ of the fibrous tunic

A

convex anterior region

111
Q

the sclera provides the eye its ______________

A

shape and support

112
Q

______________ consists of choroid ciliary body and iris

A

vascular tunic

113
Q

__________________ forms the posterior part of the vaascular tunic, it contains blood vessels that supply retina

A

choroid

114
Q

____________ is anterior to the choroid, its composed of smooth muscle, connected to the lens by ligaments

A

cilliary body

115
Q

the cornea is the _______________________ portion of the eye. It allows the entry of ______________________

A

transparent

light

116
Q

the sclera is the _________________ of the eye

A

white

117
Q

when the ciliary bone muscles contract the lens changes shape to __________________

A

focus light

118
Q

______________ is the most anterior region of the vascular tunic (behind the cornea of the fibrous tunic)

A

iris

119
Q

the iris is the ___________________ portion of the eye

A

colored

120
Q

the iris surrounds a central opening _______________

A

the pupil

121
Q

contraction of the iris smooth muscle changes the size of the pupil allowing _________________________

A

more or less light to enter

122
Q

_______________ consists of the pigmented layer and the neural layer

A

retina

123
Q

the ___________________ is the outer layer of the retina in direct contact with the choroid

A

pigmented layer

124
Q

the pigmented layer synthesizes _________________ and delivers it to the neural layer

A

vitamin A

125
Q

the _________________ is the innermost layer of the eye wall it contains ________________

A

neural layer

photoreceptors

126
Q

the internal eye is partitioned by the lens into _______________________

A

two fluid filled chambers

127
Q

the ________________________ is anterior to the lens and is filled with watery aqueous humor

A

anterior chamber

128
Q

the ________________________ is the posterior to the lens humor and is filled with viscous virtues

A

posterior chamber

129
Q

the lens is the ___________________________ of the eye

A

focusing apparatus

130
Q

the lens is located between _________________

A

anterior and posterior chambers

131
Q

the lens is suspended within the eye by the ________________________ that attach it to the ciliary body

A

ligaments

132
Q

_________________ in the retina neural layer are stimulated by light to produce receptor potentials

A

photoreceptors

133
Q

the two types of photoreceptors in the eyes

A
  • rods

- cones

134
Q

____________ are the more numerous and detect dim light and peripheral vision

A

rods

135
Q

_______________ are less numerous and detect bright light and color vision

A

cones

136
Q

where are cones more numerous than rods

A

in the center of the eyes vision field

137
Q

____________________ synapse with neurons in the retina

A

rods and cones

138
Q

receptor potentials in the photoreceptors are converted to _______________________ in the neurons

A

action potentials

139
Q

_______________ of these neurons converge to form the optic nerve

A

axons

140
Q

______________ exits the eye and carries action potential to the brain

A

optic nerve

141
Q

the most common type of effector in an animals body is _________________________

A

skeletal muscle

142
Q

every skeletal muscle in the body is an ___________

A

organ

143
Q

skeletal muscle tissue is the ________________

A

dominant tissue type

144
Q

skeletal muscle tissue are innervated/ surrounded by ____________________

A

epimysium

145
Q

________________ is a layer of fibrous connective tissue

A

epimysium

146
Q

______________ run the length of the entire muscle

A

muscle fibers (muscle cells)

147
Q

muscle fibers are ground bundles called ____________________

A

fascicles

148
Q

________________ are separated from other ______________ by perimysium

A

fascicles

149
Q

another layer of fibrous connective tissue layer

A

perimysium

150
Q

individual muscles fibers consists mostly of contractile organs called _____________________ that run the length of the entire cell

A

myofibrils

151
Q

organelle of skeletal muscle cells are _________________________

A

confined to the borders of the cell

152
Q

muscle fibers are surrounded by ______________

A

epimysium (another layer of loose connective tissue)

153
Q

all of the layers of connective tissue that converge to forms tendons

A
  • epimysium
  • perimysium
  • endomysium
154
Q

tendons attach muscle to ________________

A

bone

155
Q

muscles usually occur in _______________

A

antagonistic pairs

156
Q

antagonistic muscles are muscles with _____________________

A

opposing functions

157
Q

each muscle contains many ______________

A

myofibrils

158
Q

_______________ that run the length of the fiber and fill the majority of the cell

A

contractile organelles

159
Q

myofibrils contain ___________________

A

myofilament proteins

160
Q

wrapped around the myofibrils are ___________________ bordered by terminal cistern

A

T tubules

161
Q

a T tubules is an inward extension of the cel’s _____________________ (plasma membrane)

A

sarcolemma

162
Q

terminal cisternae are the edges of the cells _______________________________

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)

163
Q

terminal cisternae store _______________

A

calcium

164
Q

__________________ possess ______________

A

myofibrils

myofilaments

165
Q

___________________ have a larger diameter and are made of protein myosin

A

thick filaments

166
Q

__________________ have a smaller diameter and are made of the protein actin

A

thin filaments

167
Q

____________________ called tropomyosin and troponin also make up the thin filaments

A

regulatory proteins

168
Q

_____________________ have an active site that is blocked by tropomyosin and troponin

A

acting molecules

169
Q

____________________ are arranged as __________________ within a myofibril

A

myofilaments

sarcomeres

170
Q

a sarcomere gives skeletal muscle fibers their visible __________________

A

striations

171
Q

_________________ consists of an A band surrounded by an I band

A

sarcomere

172
Q

____________________ are the dark bands that contain the entire thick filaments and parts of the thin filaments

A

A bands

173
Q

______________ are the light bands that contain only thin filaments

A

I band

174
Q

in the middle of an A band is the ______________ where there are only thick filaments. It is slightly lighter region of the A band

A

H zone

175
Q

_________________ is the synapse between a neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

A

neuromuscular junction

176
Q

the neuron transmits its _____________________________

A

action potential to the muscle fibers

177
Q

this nerve impulse causes the muscle fiber to ___________________________

A

contract

178
Q

the neuron’s nerve impulses travels along the muscle fibers ____________________________

A

sarcolemma (plasma membrane)

179
Q

the nerve impulse enters into the muscle fiber by way of the _______________________

A

T tubules

inward extensions of the sarcolemma

180
Q

the impulse causes the terminal cisternae to release _________________

A

calcium into the muscle fiber

181
Q

calcium binding to the tropomyosin and troponin ___________________________ of the thin filaments

A

regulatory proteins

182
Q

the ___________________ head of the thick filaments attach to the thin filaments active sites

A

myosin

183
Q

the initiation of muscle contraction is referred to as __________________________

A

excitation and contraction coupling

184
Q

_______________ is coupled with excitation from stimulation by a nerve impulse

A

muscle contraction

185
Q

the movement of myofilaments during contraction which shortens the sarcomere is referred to as the _________________________

A

sliding filament model

186
Q

all animals _________________

A

move

187
Q

most animals are capable of locomotion ______________

A

active travel

188
Q

locamotion is used to _____________________________

____________________

A

find food and mated and to escape danger

189
Q

during locomotion ______________ is expended to overcome two forces that would otherwise keep an animal stationary (2 examples)

A

energy

  • friction
  • gravity
190
Q

in water _______________ is more of a challenge than ____________

A

friction and gravity

191
Q

_________________ is more dense than air and therefore produces more friction

A

water

192
Q

____________ are buoyant in water because water supports an animals weight against gravity

A

buoyant

193
Q

fast swimmers have streamlined ___________________ body shape to minimize _____________________

A

fusiform

friction

194
Q

on land ______________ is more of a challenge than _______________

A

gravity

friction

195
Q

air produces ________________________ but does not support an animals weight against gravity

A

friction

196
Q

locamotion on lands is accomplished by way of

A
  • walking and running
  • hopping
  • crawling
197
Q

crawling animals must overcome _____________ rather than _____________

A

friction

gravity

198
Q

the major challenge for flying animals is __________________

A

gravity

199
Q

___________ are airfoils that produce sufficient lift to overcome the force of gravity

A

wings

200
Q

muscles interact with the _______________

A

skeleton

201
Q

__________ attach to the skeleton and move it when they contract

A

muscles

202
Q

three skeletal types exist on the animal kingdom

A
  • hydrostatic skeletons
  • exoskeletons
  • endoskeletons
203
Q

_____________ consists of fluid held under pressure in an enclosed body compartment

A

hydrostatic skeleton

204
Q

The _______________ gives an animal its shape serves as protection and provides support for muscle attachment

A

skeleton

205
Q

_________________________________________ possess a hydrostatic skeleton

A 
cnidarians 
flatworms 
rotifers
annelids
nematods
206
Q

an earthworm uses its hydrostatic skeleton, muscles, and chateau to move by way of _________________

A

peristalsis

207
Q

an ___________________ is deposited to the outside of an animal

A

exoskeleton

208
Q

a mollusk shell is an exoskeleton made of _____________________

A

calcium carbonate

209
Q

__________ provides a mollusk with protection and grows with the mollucs as the mantle deposits additional layer

A

shell

210
Q

an arthropods cuticle is an _____________ made of __________________

A

exoskeleton

chiton

211
Q

the exoskeleton must be molded therefore the arthropod must undergo _______________

A

ecdysis

212
Q

the _______________________ consists of hard supporting elements situated among the internal soft tissue of an animal

A

endoskeleton

213
Q

end skeletons possessed

A

-sponges: spiracles
-echinoderms:
calcium carbonate

214
Q

endoskeleton possessed by vertebrates animals
______________ in jawless and cartilaginous fishes and tetrapods
__________________ in bony fished and tetrapods

A

cartilage

bone and cartilage

215
Q

a typical __________________ consists of a main shaft with two expanded ends

A

bone

216
Q

the main shaft of compact bone is surrounded by a central cavity filled with _________________

A

yellow bone marrow- fat

217
Q

the main shaft is surrounded by ___________________________. _______________ pass through this to supply bone

A

fibrous connective tissue

blood vessels

218
Q

the two expanded ends contain __________________ filled with ____________________

A

spongy bone

red bone marrow

219
Q

red bone marrow functions in _________________

A

hemopoiesis

220
Q

the two ends of bone are surrounded by _____________________

A

cartilage, the cartilage supports the bone where it articulates with another bone at a joint

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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