Chapter 48 &50 Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
the nervous system functions in _____________________ within the animal’s body
A
communication and cordination
2
Q
_________________ are cells that transmit electrical messages from one part of the body to another
A
neurons
3
Q
the nervous system is subdivided into
A
two divisions
- central nervous system
- peripheral nervous system
4
Q
________________________ consists of brain and spinal cord
A
central nervous system CNS
5
Q
_________________ consists of nerves that carry signals between CNS to rest of body
A
peripheral nervous system PNS
6
Q
______________________ a bundle of neurons
A
nerves
7
Q
___________________ percieve stimuli and generate electrical impulses in responce to them
A
sensory receptors
8
Q
___________________ transmit sensory imput to brain and spinal cord
A
nerves
9
Q
2 parts of sensory input
A
- sensory receptors
- nerves
10
Q
the _____________ process and interprets the senesory imput and dictates an appropriate response
A
CNS
11
Q
nerves transmit CNS instructions to effectors, ____________________.
AN __________________ arrive at the effector and triggers it to respond
A
muscles and glands
12
Q
because sponges lack true tissue there is no __________________
A
nervous sytem
13
Q
cnidarians possess a _________________
A
nerve net
14
Q
_______________ a diffuse network of interconnected neurons extending throughout the body
A
nerve net
15
Q
because flatworms are the first to exhibit bilateral symetry and its two ______________________
A
accompaning nervous system innovation
16
Q
________________ aconcentration of nervous tissue at the anterior end of the body
A
cephalization
17
Q
_______________ the presence of a central nervous system distinct from a peripheral nervous system
A
centralization
18
Q
__________________ are the functional cells of nervous tissue receiving the transmitting electrical impulses
A
neurons
19
Q
neurons contain a central cell body that houses the _____________________
A
nucleus and other organelles
20
Q
multiple short branching process called ________________ extend off of the neuron’s cell body
A
dendrites
21
Q
the dendrites _______________ incoming nerve impulses from neighboring neurons and pass them to the cell body
A
receive
22
Q
a single long unbranched process celled an _________________ extends off the other side of the cell body
A
axon
23
Q
an axon ____________ nerve impulses away from the cell body to a neighboring neuron or to an effector
A
sends
24
Q
in addition to neurons nervous tissue contain _______________
A
glial cells
25
_____________ are smaller and more numberous than neurons
glial cells
26
______________ do not function in transmitting electrical signals. nstead they provide _____________ for neurons
glial cells
| support
27
________________ are glial cells that attach neurons to capillaries, connecting the neurons to their nutrient supply
astrocyte
28
_____________________ wrap around the neurons axon , gaps exist between neighboring schwann cells or nodes , nerve impulses jump from node to node
schwann cells
29
the ___________________ is an insulating layer formed by the schwann cells
myelin sheath
30
__________ gaps exhisting between neighboring schwann cells
nodes
31
myelin sheath significantly ______________ of a nerve impulse alond the axon
speeds up the transmission
32
at rest a neuron has a _________________
potential energy
33
a neurons potential energy
neurons resting potential
34
a neurons resting potential is _____________________
-70 millivolts
35
a neurons ______________ contains proteins (pumps and channels) that regulate the passage of ions and maintain resting potential
plasma membrane
36
_____________ actively transport Na out of the neuron and K into the neuron
sodium potassium pump
37
there are only a few __________ channels but many ___________ channels
Na
| K
38
_________ can flow easily but __________ cannot flow easiy
K
| Na
39
the _________ of the neuron becomes less positive relative to the _________________
inside
| outside
40
an electrical impulse tranveling along a neurons axon or dendrites is called an _______________
actions potential
41
___________ are generated when a neuron is resting potential is altered
actions potential
42
__________ is any facter that causes a change in the membrane voltage triggering an action potential
a stimulus
43
a neurons resting potential of _________ is maintained by ________________ and open channels
-70mv
| sodium potassium
44
________________ are closed channels
Na and K channels
45
_________________ the stimulus opens a few NA gated channels. This allows a small amount of NA to enter into the neuron. if the strimulus is strong enough additional NA gated channels open allowing sufficient NA to enter into the neuron
stimulus is applies
46
_________________ the stimulus opens a few NA gated channels. This allows a small amount of NA to enter into the neuron. if the strimulus is strong enough additional NA gated channels open allowing sufficient NA to enter into the neuron
stimulus is applied
47
________________ once threshold is reach an action potential is generated. Many NA gated channels open and much more NA enters into the neuron. THe interior of the neuron now becomes positively charged relative to the exterior peaking at 35 mv
depolarization
48
depolarization is the interior of the neurons becoes positively charged relative to the exterior peaking at
35 MV
49
______________ peak membrane voltage results in the cosing NA gated channels so NA can not longer enter K gated channels now open and K rapidly exits the neuron. the interior of the neuron again becomes negatively charged relative to the interior
repolarization
50
a _________________ occurs because K gated channels close relatively slowly. once they close, ______________ is restored
undershoot in membrane voltage
| resting potential
51
_______________ action potential is localized event at a specific location on the neurons plasma membrane
action potential
52
to function in communication ________________ must be passed along the length of the neurons axon or dendrites
action potential
53
an action potential _______________ stage influx of NA, causes an electrical change large enough to affect the adjacent region on a neuron's plasma membrane
depolarization
54
the action potential stimulates _________________________ in the adjacent region resulting a new action potential
NA gated channels
55
action potential are propagated along the length of a ________________
neurons
56
action potentials are conducted in _____________ along a neuron
just one direction
57
action potential cannot travel backwards because ______________ is taking place in adjacent region
repolarization
58
Why neurons don not travel backwards _________________ cannot occur where _________ occurs
depolarization
| repolarization
59
a _______________ is an action potential relay point between neighboring neurons
synapse
60
synapse occurs between ________________
neurons and muscles cells
61
synapse consists of
- synaptic terminal of sending neuron
- dendrite of a receiving neuron
- small space between them
62
_____________ are branched at the end of an axon
synaptic terminals
63
the space between neighboring neurons is called the _________________________
synaptic cleft
64
an action potential arriving at the synaptic terminal results in the release of ________________ into the synaptic cleft
neurotransmitters
65
__________________ are chemicals that bind to receptor proteins on the neighboring dendrites opening its ion channels and generating new action potential
neurotransmitters
66
nerves impulse therefore convert ____________________________________________________
from electrical to chemical and back to electrical
67
________________ are synthesized from amino acids
biogenic amines
68
neurotransmitters are small _________________ molecules
nitrogen containing
69
_______________ are structures that detect stimuli
sensory receptors
70
________________ are changes in the external or internal enviroment
stimuli
71
based on the type of stimuli to which they respond sensory organs can be classified into five general categories
- mechanoreceptors
- chemoreceptors
- electromagnetic receptors
- thermoreceptors
- pain receptors
72
receptors can be __________________
relatively simple
73
__________ dendrites of a single sensory neuron
receptors
74
receptors can be _______________________
very complex
75
__________ entire sense organs such as the eye
receptors
76
mechanoreceptors sense ___________________________ caused by stimuli such as touch, pressure, stretch, and sound
mechanoreceptors
77
hearing and equilibrium utilize ____________
mechanoreceptors
78
mechanoreceptors sense ___________________________ caused by stimuli such as touch, pressure, stretch, and sound
physical movement
79
taste and smell are ________________
mechanoreceptors
80
___________ in bats porpoises is an extrahuman mechanoreceptor sense
echolocation
81
taste and smell must be ________________ in order to be detected
dissolved insolution
82
the antennae of male silk worm moth have chemoreceptors that bind to ______________________
female pharamones
83
photoreceptors are electromagnetic receptors that detect ____________________
visible light
84
bees have photoreceptors that detect ____________________
ultra violet light
85
rattlesnakes have ____________ receptors that detect the body heat of prey
infrared light
86
____________ is the ability to sense electrical fields
electroreception
87
sharks use electroreception ___________________ to detect the minute electrical activity of muscles and nerves in nearby prey
ampullae of lorenzini
88
magnetoreception is ability to respond to _____________
magnetic fields
89
migratory birds and whales navigate using _____________________ which detect earths magnetic field
magnetoreception
90
__________ deteact heat or cold
thermoreceptors
91
pain receptors ________________ respond to excess pressure chemical, light heat
nociceptors
92
__________________ is the conversion a stimulus to an electrical signal in the sensory receptor cells
sensory transduction
93
electrical signals is receptors cells are called ____________________
receptor potentials
94
_________________ are converted to action potentials in the sensory neurons
receptor potentials
95
receptors cells ______________ with sensory neurons
synapse
96
________________ is accomplished by way of outer, middle, and inner ears
hearing
97
_____________ is accomplished by way of the inner ear only
equalibrium
98
the __________ is the entrance of sound waves into the ear
pinna
99
the ____________ channels sound waves to the eardrum
auditory canal
100
sound waves vibrate eardrum, trasmitting the waves to the ____________________
middle ear
101
the middle ear contains three ____________________ that concentrate the sound vibration while transmitting them from the outer ear to the inner eat
auditory bones
102
order of ear bones
malleus-------> incus -----------> incus -------------> stapes
103
the inner ear consists of ____________________
cochlea and semicircular canals
104
_______________ functions in hearing while the semicircular canals function in equalibrium
cochlea
105
________ are transmitted as pressure waves through three fluid filled canals within the cochlea
sound vibrations
106
___________________ are recepters cells for hearing
hair cells
107
the __________________ which contain hair cells is located within one of these canals
organ of corti
108
the walls of the eye consists of 3 layers
- fibrous tunic
- vascular tunic
- retina
109
the _______________ consists of cornea and sclera
fibrous tunic
110
the cornea is the ________________________ of the fibrous tunic
convex anterior region
111
the sclera provides the eye its ______________
shape and support
112
______________ consists of choroid ciliary body and iris
vascular tunic
113
__________________ forms the posterior part of the vaascular tunic, it contains blood vessels that supply retina
choroid
114
____________ is anterior to the choroid, its composed of smooth muscle, connected to the lens by ligaments
cilliary body
115
the cornea is the _______________________ portion of the eye. It allows the entry of ______________________
transparent
| light
116
the sclera is the _________________ of the eye
white
117
when the ciliary bone muscles contract the lens changes shape to __________________
focus light
118
______________ is the most anterior region of the vascular tunic (behind the cornea of the fibrous tunic)
iris
119
the iris is the ___________________ portion of the eye
colored
120
the iris surrounds a central opening _______________
the pupil
121
contraction of the iris smooth muscle changes the size of the pupil allowing _________________________
more or less light to enter
122
_______________ consists of the pigmented layer and the neural layer
retina
123
the ___________________ is the outer layer of the retina in direct contact with the choroid
pigmented layer
124
the pigmented layer synthesizes _________________ and delivers it to the neural layer
vitamin A
125
the _________________ is the innermost layer of the eye wall it contains ________________
neural layer
| photoreceptors
126
the internal eye is partitioned by the lens into _______________________
two fluid filled chambers
127
the ________________________ is anterior to the lens and is filled with watery aqueous humor
anterior chamber
128
the ________________________ is the posterior to the lens humor and is filled with viscous virtues
posterior chamber
129
the lens is the ___________________________ of the eye
focusing apparatus
130
the lens is located between _________________
anterior and posterior chambers
131
the lens is suspended within the eye by the ________________________ that attach it to the ciliary body
ligaments
132
_________________ in the retina neural layer are stimulated by light to produce receptor potentials
photoreceptors
133
the two types of photoreceptors in the eyes
- rods
| - cones
134
____________ are the more numerous and detect dim light and peripheral vision
rods
135
_______________ are less numerous and detect bright light and color vision
cones
136
where are cones more numerous than rods
in the center of the eyes vision field
137
____________________ synapse with neurons in the retina
rods and cones
138
receptor potentials in the photoreceptors are converted to _______________________ in the neurons
action potentials
139
_______________ of these neurons converge to form the optic nerve
axons
140
______________ exits the eye and carries action potential to the brain
optic nerve
141
the most common type of effector in an animals body is _________________________
skeletal muscle
142
every skeletal muscle in the body is an ___________
organ
143
skeletal muscle tissue is the ________________
dominant tissue type
144
skeletal muscle tissue are innervated/ surrounded by ____________________
epimysium
145
________________ is a layer of fibrous connective tissue
epimysium
146
______________ run the length of the entire muscle
muscle fibers (muscle cells)
147
muscle fibers are ground bundles called ____________________
fascicles
148
________________ are separated from other ______________ by perimysium
fascicles
149
another layer of fibrous connective tissue layer
perimysium
150
individual muscles fibers consists mostly of contractile organs called _____________________ that run the length of the entire cell
myofibrils
151
organelle of skeletal muscle cells are _________________________
confined to the borders of the cell
152
muscle fibers are surrounded by ______________
epimysium (another layer of loose connective tissue)
153
all of the layers of connective tissue that converge to forms tendons
- epimysium
- perimysium
- endomysium
154
tendons attach muscle to ________________
bone
155
muscles usually occur in _______________
antagonistic pairs
156
antagonistic muscles are muscles with _____________________
opposing functions
157
each muscle contains many ______________
myofibrils
158
_______________ that run the length of the fiber and fill the majority of the cell
contractile organelles
159
myofibrils contain ___________________
myofilament proteins
160
wrapped around the myofibrils are ___________________ bordered by terminal cistern
T tubules
161
a T tubules is an inward extension of the cel's _____________________ (plasma membrane)
sarcolemma
162
terminal cisternae are the edges of the cells _______________________________
sarcoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)
163
terminal cisternae store _______________
calcium
164
__________________ possess ______________
myofibrils
| myofilaments
165
___________________ have a larger diameter and are made of protein myosin
thick filaments
166
__________________ have a smaller diameter and are made of the protein actin
thin filaments
167
____________________ called tropomyosin and troponin also make up the thin filaments
regulatory proteins
168
_____________________ have an active site that is blocked by tropomyosin and troponin
acting molecules
169
____________________ are arranged as __________________ within a myofibril
myofilaments
| sarcomeres
170
a sarcomere gives skeletal muscle fibers their visible __________________
striations
171
_________________ consists of an A band surrounded by an I band
sarcomere
172
____________________ are the dark bands that contain the entire thick filaments and parts of the thin filaments
A bands
173
______________ are the light bands that contain only thin filaments
I band
174
in the middle of an A band is the ______________ where there are only thick filaments. It is slightly lighter region of the A band
H zone
175
_________________ is the synapse between a neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
neuromuscular junction
176
the neuron transmits its _____________________________
action potential to the muscle fibers
177
this nerve impulse causes the muscle fiber to ___________________________
contract
178
the neuron's nerve impulses travels along the muscle fibers ____________________________
sarcolemma (plasma membrane)
179
the nerve impulse enters into the muscle fiber by way of the _______________________
T tubules
| inward extensions of the sarcolemma
180
the impulse causes the terminal cisternae to release _________________
calcium into the muscle fiber
181
calcium binding to the tropomyosin and troponin ___________________________ of the thin filaments
regulatory proteins
182
the ___________________ head of the thick filaments attach to the thin filaments active sites
myosin
183
the initiation of muscle contraction is referred to as __________________________
excitation and contraction coupling
184
_______________ is coupled with excitation from stimulation by a nerve impulse
muscle contraction
185
the movement of myofilaments during contraction which shortens the sarcomere is referred to as the _________________________
sliding filament model
186
all animals _________________
move
187
most animals are capable of locomotion ______________
active travel
188
locamotion is used to _____________________________
| ____________________
find food and mated and to escape danger
189
during locomotion ______________ is expended to overcome two forces that would otherwise keep an animal stationary (2 examples)
energy
- friction
- gravity
190
in water _______________ is more of a challenge than ____________
friction and gravity
191
_________________ is more dense than air and therefore produces more friction
water
192
____________ are buoyant in water because water supports an animals weight against gravity
buoyant
193
fast swimmers have streamlined ___________________ body shape to minimize _____________________
fusiform
| friction
194
on land ______________ is more of a challenge than _______________
gravity
| friction
195
air produces ________________________ but does not support an animals weight against gravity
friction
196
locamotion on lands is accomplished by way of
- walking and running
- hopping
- crawling
197
crawling animals must overcome _____________ rather than _____________
friction
| gravity
198
the major challenge for flying animals is __________________
gravity
199
___________ are airfoils that produce sufficient lift to overcome the force of gravity
wings
200
muscles interact with the _______________
skeleton
201
__________ attach to the skeleton and move it when they contract
muscles
202
three skeletal types exist on the animal kingdom
- hydrostatic skeletons
- exoskeletons
- endoskeletons
203
_____________ consists of fluid held under pressure in an enclosed body compartment
hydrostatic skeleton
204
The _______________ gives an animal its shape serves as protection and provides support for muscle attachment
skeleton
205
_________________________________________ possess a hydrostatic skeleton
```
cnidarians
flatworms
rotifers
annelids
nematods
```
206
an earthworm uses its hydrostatic skeleton, muscles, and chateau to move by way of _________________
peristalsis
207
an ___________________ is deposited to the outside of an animal
exoskeleton
208
a mollusk shell is an exoskeleton made of _____________________
calcium carbonate
209
__________ provides a mollusk with protection and grows with the mollucs as the mantle deposits additional layer
shell
210
an arthropods cuticle is an _____________ made of __________________
exoskeleton
| chiton
211
the exoskeleton must be molded therefore the arthropod must undergo _______________
ecdysis
212
the _______________________ consists of hard supporting elements situated among the internal soft tissue of an animal
endoskeleton
213
end skeletons possessed
-sponges: spiracles
-echinoderms:
calcium carbonate
214
endoskeleton possessed by vertebrates animals
______________ in jawless and cartilaginous fishes and tetrapods
__________________ in bony fished and tetrapods
cartilage
| bone and cartilage
215
a typical __________________ consists of a main shaft with two expanded ends
bone
216
the main shaft of compact bone is surrounded by a central cavity filled with _________________
yellow bone marrow- fat
217
the main shaft is surrounded by ___________________________. _______________ pass through this to supply bone
fibrous connective tissue
| blood vessels
218
the two expanded ends contain __________________ filled with ____________________
spongy bone
| red bone marrow
219
red bone marrow functions in _________________
hemopoiesis
220
the two ends of bone are surrounded by _____________________
cartilage, the cartilage supports the bone where it articulates with another bone at a joint
