Ch.27: Reproductive System Part 1: Flashcards
The primary sex organs or gonads are what in a male and female. The gonads produce sex hormones.
Males: testes
Females: ovaries
Ducts, glands, and external genitalia are the _________ ________ _______
accessory reproductive organs
The ________ ______ main function is to produce offsprings
reproductive system
The male’s reproductive role is to:
manufacture male gametes called sperm and deliver them to the female reproductive tract
The female’s reproductive role is to:
produce female gametes, called ova or egg
The ___________ is the first cell of a new individual from which all the body cells arise. Sperm+Egg= Fertilization
Zygote
_____ ________: androgens in males and estrogen and progesterone in females play vital roles both in the development and function of the reproductive system and in sexual behavior and drives
Sex hormones
The sperm producing _______, or male gonads lie within the scrotum.
Testes
The order of delivery of the Sperm:
epididymis, vas ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
The ________ is a sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside the abdiminopelvic cavity as the root of the penis.
Scrotum
Viable sperm cannot be produced in abundance at body temperature, the superficial location of the scrotum which provides a temperature about ________ is an essential adaptation.
3 degrees lower
The ______ _______, a layer of smooth muscle in the superficial fascia, wrinkles the scrotal skin.
Dartos muscle
The _______ ______, bands of skeletal muscle that arise from the internal oblique muscles of the trunk elevate the testes
Cremaster muscles
Two tunics that surround the testes: outer to inner
- Tunica vaginalis (peritoneum)
- Tunica Albuginae (fibrous capsule)
Each contains one to four tightly coiled _________ __________, the actual sperm factories consisting of a thick stratified epithelium.
Seminiferous tubules
The epithelium consist of spheroid ___________ _____, embedded in substantially larger columnar cells called sustentocytes (supporting cells)
Spermatogenic (sperm-forming) cells
Surrounding each seminiforous tubules are three to five layers of smooth muscle- like _______ _____, Aid to squeeze sperm and testicular fluid through the tubules and out of the testes
Myoid cells
___________ ________ ______, also called leydig cells. These cells produce androgens, most importantly TESTOSTERONE, which they secrete into the surrounding interstitial fluid
Interstitial endocrine cells
The testes arise from a network called _________ ______, surrounds the portion of each testicular artery within the scrotum like climing vine. HELP TO KEEP THE TESTES AT THEIR COOL HOMEOSTATIC TEMPERATURE
Pampiniform Plexus
A connective tissue sheath encloses the nerve fibers blood vessels and lymphatics. Collectively these structures make up the __________ ______ which passes through the inguinal canal
Spermatic cord
____________, nondescent of the testes
cryptorchidism
The male __________, suspends the scrotum and contains the root of the penis and the anus.
perinium
The _______ is a copulatory organ, designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract.
Penis
The penis and the scrotum make up the _________ _______ of the male
external genitalia
The 4 accessory ducts are:
epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra
The cup-shaped __________, caps the superior aspect of the testes, Allows them to absorb excess testicular fluid and to pass nutrients to the many sperm stored temporary in the lumen. Sperms are ejaculated from here. And Sperm can be stored here for months
Epididymis
During __________, the smooth muscles in the vas ductus deferens wall creates a strong peristaltic waves that rapidly squeeze the sperm forward along the tract and into the urethra
Ejaculation
Three regions of the Urethra:
prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy (penile) urethra
The Accesory glands include:
Paired seminal glands, bulbo-urethral gland, and the single prostate gland
Characteristics of the SEMINAL VESICLES:
Produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid contains
- Fructose: Nourishes the food
- Prostaglandins: helps to widen and slight dilation of external os of the cervix
- coagulating enzyme
- 70% of the volume of semen
Characteristics of the PROSTATE:
- Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid:
- Contains citrate a nutrient for sperm health
- an enzyme - prostate-specific antigen (PSA) helps liquify semen following ejaculation.
- seminalplasmin- an antibiotic
- Plays a role in the activation of sperm
Characteristics of Cowper’s Gland (Bulbo-urethral gland)
- Prior to ejaculation, produce thick, clear mucus
- Lubricates the glans penis
- Neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra
__________, a milky white somewhat sticky mixture of sperm, testicular fluid, and accessory gland secretion. Provides a transport meduim and nutrients and contains chemicals that protect and activate the sperm and facilitate their movement.
SEMEN
Semen contains several substances that play many roles:
- Prostaglandins: reverse peristalsis
- hormone relaxin: sperm motility
- ATP: energy
- ingredients that suppress immune response in female
- Antibiotic chemicals: destroy bacteria
- Clotting factors: stick to the walls of the vagina
Semen, as a whole is _______, which helps neutralize the acid environment of the male’s urethra and the female’s vagina.
Alkaline pH: 7.2-8.0
__________, enlargement and stiffening of the penis, results from engorgement of the erectile bodies with blood. Under the PARASYMPATHETIC CONTROL
Erection
Sexual excitement triggers a parasympathetic reflex that promotes release of _______ ____, which relaxes smooth muscle in the penile blood vessels, dilating these arterioles and the erectile bodies fill with blood.
Nitric oxide
___________, is the propulsion of semen from the male duct system. Ejaculation is under the SYMPATHETIC CONTROL.
Ejaculation
When hitting the climax, the 3 results are:
- bladder sphincter muscle constricts
- reproductive and accessory glands contract
- Semen in the urethra triggers a spinal reflex through somatic motor neurons.
