Ch. 2: Biochemistry

Question 1

What are the four organic molecules that all contain carbon?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats), proteins, nucleic acid

Question 2

organic molecules are VERY LARGE MOLECULES, but their reactions with other molecules invole small reactive parts of their structure called?

Answer 2

Functional group (oxygen)

Question 3

what is the main function of carbohydrates and what elements does it contain?

Answer 3

provide cellular fuel, contains Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 4

Carbohydrates can be classified into three categories, they are?

Answer 4

monosacchrides, Dissacchrides, and polysacchrides

Question 5

Monosachrides (simple sugar) includes

Answer 5

glucose (blood sugar) Fructose ( fruit sugar) Galactose

dissolve in water

Question 6

Dissachrides (two sugars) includes

Answer 6

Sucrose ( Glu+ Fru) table sugar, Lactose ( Glu+Gal) milk, Maltose (glu+glu) Malt sugar

Question 7

Polyssachrides (multiple sugar) includes

Answer 7

Starch (plants), Cellulose (fiber) Glycogen( animal cell

do not dissolve in water

Question 8

When ATP supplies are sufficient, carbohydrates are converted into

Answer 8

Glycogen or stored as fat

Question 9

What is the main function of Lipids(fats) and what does the element contain?

Answer 9

energy storage, insulation, protection, chemical messengers, and for structure. They contain Carbon Hydrogen, and oxygen (little amounts), and phosphorous can be found in complex lipid molecules

Question 10

Lipids can be classified into four categories which are

Answer 10

Triglycerides, Phospholipid, Steroid,Eicosanoids

Question 11

Triglycerides include

Answer 11

A 3:1 ratio of fatty acids to glycerol. Fatty acids contain saturated (single, solid) fat, Unsaturated (multiple, oil) fat, and Trans fat( bad for heart) and theres omega- 3 fatty acids

Question 12

which lipid form provides the body’s most efficient and compact form of stored energy, when oxidized they yield large amounts of energy

Answer 12

Triglyceride

Question 13

phospholipids include

Answer 13

Polar head ( hydrophillic) and a nonpolar hydrocarbon tail, (hydrophobic) 70% of plasma membrane

Question 14

Steroids include

Answer 14

cholesterol, (animal products)

Question 15

Cholesterol is essential for human life, why?

Answer 15

Synthesis of vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile Salt

Sex hormones. and Adrenocortisol hormones. VITAL FOR HOMEOSTASIS

Question 16

Eicosanoids are diverse lipids from a 20- carbon fatty acid, most important are the

Answer 16

Prostaglandins

Question 17

prostaglandins play an important role in

Answer 17

blood clotting, regulation of blood pressure, inlfammation, and labor contractions

Question 18

What is the main function of Proteins, and what does it contain?

Answer 18

Vital roles in cell function, Enzymes, hemoglobin of the blood, and contractile proteins of muscle, They contain Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen, and nitrogen

Question 19

The building blocks or proteins are called

Answer 19

Amino acids

Question 20

All amino acids are identical except for a single group of atoms called

Answer 20

R group

Question 21

The resulting bond produces a characteristic arrangement of link atoms called

Answer 21

peptide bond

Question 22

two amino acids form a dipetide, , three a tripetide, and ten or more are a

Answer 22

polypeptide

Question 23

Proteins can be classified into two categories

Answer 23

Fibrous and Globular

Question 24

fibrous main funtion includes, and contains

Answer 24

Structural proteins. Contains collagen (most abundant), keratin (hair,nails). elastin(durability), and spectrin(stabilizes the surface membrane)

Question 25

fibrous proteins are

Answer 25

insoluble in water and are very stable

Question 26

Globular proteins main functions are

Answer 26

(functonal proteins), provide immunity, growth and development, catalyst (enzymes)

Question 27

Globular proteins are

Answer 27

not stable, tertiary structure

Question 28

when a ph drops or the temperature rises above normal levels, a protein is said to be

Answer 28

denatured

Question 29

a group of protein that helps proteins achieve their functional three-dimensional structures, Vitally important to cell function in all types of stressful circumstances

Answer 29

Molecular chaperone

Question 30

What are Nucleic Acid composed of elements?

Answer 30

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous

Question 31

The structural units of Nucleic acid is called

Answer 31

Nucelotides

Question 32

The nucleic acid includes two major classes of molecules

Answer 32

DNA and RNA

Question 33

The primary energy- transferring molecule in cells and provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by body cells

Answer 33

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 34

Cells tap ATP’s energy during coupled reactions by using ______ to transfer the terminal phosphate groups from ATP to other compounds.

Answer 34

Enzymes

Question 35

In the process of doing their work, do they lose/gain the phosphate group?

Answer 35

Lose, which yield to ADP