Ch. 2: Biochemistry Flashcards
What are the four organic molecules that all contain carbon?
Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats), proteins, nucleic acid
organic molecules are VERY LARGE MOLECULES, but their reactions with other molecules invole small reactive parts of their structure called?
Functional group (oxygen)
what is the main function of carbohydrates and what elements does it contain?
provide cellular fuel, contains Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbohydrates can be classified into three categories, they are?
monosacchrides, Dissacchrides, and polysacchrides
Monosachrides (simple sugar) includes
glucose (blood sugar) Fructose ( fruit sugar) Galactose
dissolve in water
Dissachrides (two sugars) includes
Sucrose ( Glu+ Fru) table sugar, Lactose ( Glu+Gal) milk, Maltose (glu+glu) Malt sugar
Polyssachrides (multiple sugar) includes
Starch (plants), Cellulose (fiber) Glycogen( animal cell
do not dissolve in water
When ATP supplies are sufficient, carbohydrates are converted into
Glycogen or stored as fat
What is the main function of Lipids(fats) and what does the element contain?
energy storage, insulation, protection, chemical messengers, and for structure. They contain Carbon Hydrogen, and oxygen (little amounts), and phosphorous can be found in complex lipid molecules
Lipids can be classified into four categories which are
Triglycerides, Phospholipid, Steroid,Eicosanoids
Triglycerides include
A 3:1 ratio of fatty acids to glycerol. Fatty acids contain saturated (single, solid) fat, Unsaturated (multiple, oil) fat, and Trans fat( bad for heart) and theres omega- 3 fatty acids
which lipid form provides the body’s most efficient and compact form of stored energy, when oxidized they yield large amounts of energy
Triglyceride
phospholipids include
Polar head ( hydrophillic) and a nonpolar hydrocarbon tail, (hydrophobic) 70% of plasma membrane
Steroids include
cholesterol, (animal products)
Cholesterol is essential for human life, why?
Synthesis of vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile Salt
Sex hormones. and Adrenocortisol hormones. VITAL FOR HOMEOSTASIS
Eicosanoids are diverse lipids from a 20- carbon fatty acid, most important are the
Prostaglandins
prostaglandins play an important role in
blood clotting, regulation of blood pressure, inlfammation, and labor contractions
What is the main function of Proteins, and what does it contain?
Vital roles in cell function, Enzymes, hemoglobin of the blood, and contractile proteins of muscle, They contain Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen, and nitrogen
The building blocks or proteins are called
Amino acids
All amino acids are identical except for a single group of atoms called
R group
The resulting bond produces a characteristic arrangement of link atoms called
peptide bond
two amino acids form a dipetide, , three a tripetide, and ten or more are a
polypeptide
Proteins can be classified into two categories
Fibrous and Globular
fibrous main funtion includes, and contains
Structural proteins. Contains collagen (most abundant), keratin (hair,nails). elastin(durability), and spectrin(stabilizes the surface membrane)
fibrous proteins are
insoluble in water and are very stable
Globular proteins main functions are
(functonal proteins), provide immunity, growth and development, catalyst (enzymes)
Globular proteins are
not stable, tertiary structure
when a ph drops or the temperature rises above normal levels, a protein is said to be
denatured
a group of protein that helps proteins achieve their functional three-dimensional structures, Vitally important to cell function in all types of stressful circumstances
Molecular chaperone
What are Nucleic Acid composed of elements?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous
The structural units of Nucleic acid is called
Nucelotides
The nucleic acid includes two major classes of molecules
DNA and RNA
The primary energy- transferring molecule in cells and provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by body cells
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Cells tap ATP’s energy during coupled reactions by using ______ to transfer the terminal phosphate groups from ATP to other compounds.
Enzymes
In the process of doing their work, do they lose/gain the phosphate group?
Lose, which yield to ADP
