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Anatomy & Physiology > Ch.11: Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch.11: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

the master controlling and communicating system of the body

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

3 functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory input, integration, motor output

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3
Q

Consist of the brain and spinal cord the control center of the nervous system

A

Central nervous sytsem

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4
Q

part of the nervous system outside the CNS, consist of mainly nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord

A

Periphery nervous system

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5
Q

spinal nerves

A

carry impulse to and from the spinal cord

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6
Q

Cranial nerves

A

carry impulses to and from the brain

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7
Q

A PNS functional division, consist of nerve fibers that convey impulses toward the CNS from sensory receptor s keeps the CNS informed of events goin on both inside and outside of the body

A

Sensory (afferent) division

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8
Q

Convey impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles and joints

A

Somatic sensory fibers

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9
Q

transmit impulses from the visceral organs

A

Visceral sensory

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10
Q

_________ of the PNS transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs which are the muscles and glands

A

Motor(efferent) division

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11
Q

somatic nervous system characteristics

A

somatic motor nerve fibers
conduct impulses from the CNS to SKELETAL MUSCLES
VOLUNTARY

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12
Q

autonomic nervous system characteristics

A

visceral motor nerve fibers
regulate activity of smooth muscles, cardiac, glands
INVOLUNTARY

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13
Q

Autonomic nervous system is broken into two subdivisions which are

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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14
Q

The five types of Neuroglial cells

A

astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, oligondendrocytes, and schwann cells

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15
Q

Characteristics of Astrocytes

A

most abundant, blood brain barrier, control chemical environment around neurons, mop up leaked potassium ions, anchor

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16
Q

Characteristics of Microglial cells

A

Monitor health, sense injury migrate towards it, macrophage, eat up debris

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17
Q

Characteristics of Ependymal cells

A

“wrapping up garment” , line central cavities of the brain and spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid

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18
Q

Characteristics of Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin sheath in the CNS, does not have nucleus, cannot be repaired

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19
Q

Characteristics of Schwann cells

A

Myelin sheath in the PNS, does have a nucleus, can be repaired

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20
Q

Characteristics of neurons

A

conduct messages, extreme longevity, not able to divide, and high metabolic rate (oxygen)

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21
Q

Rough ER of the neuron cell body is called

A

Chromatophollic substance

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22
Q

Bundles of intermediate filaments

A

neurofibrils

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23
Q

Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

A

nuclei

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24
Q

Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglia

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25
Q

Bundles of neuron processes

A

Tracts

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26
Q

main receptive or input region

A

dendrites

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27
Q

generates nerve impulses and transmits them

A

axon

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28
Q

plasma membrane of neuron cell body

A

axolemma

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29
Q

movement away from the cell body

A

Anterograde movement

30
Q

movement toward the cell body

A

Retrograde movement

31
Q

Protects and electrically insulates fibers

A

myelin sheath

32
Q

Myelinated fibers conduct nerve impulses

A

rapidly

33
Q

Nonmyelinated fibers conduct nerve impulses

A

slowly

34
Q

dense collections of myelinated fibers

A

white matter

35
Q

______ contains mostly nerve cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers

A

Gray matter

36
Q

Characteristics of multipolar neurons

A

one axon, many dendrites
most abundant in the CNS
most common

37
Q

Characteristics of bipolar neurons

A

One axon and one dendrite
rare neurons
found in special sense organs, such as eye, olfactory

38
Q

Characteristics of Unipolar neurons

A

myelinated, peripheral process,and central process
found mainly in the PNS
common in the dorsal root of ganglia of the spinal cord and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves

39
Q

Sensory afferent neurons transmit implulses

A

from sensory receptors in the skin or internal organs toward or into the CNS

40
Q

Motor efferent neurons carry impulses

A

away from the CNS to the effector organs(muscles and glands) of the body periphery

41
Q

Interneurons or association neurons are

A

between motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways and shuttle signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs. MAKE UP 99% OF THE NEURONS OF THE BODY

42
Q

When a neuron is adequately stimulated, an electrical impulse is generated and conducted along the length of its axon

A

Action potential

43
Q

the measure of potential energy generated by separated charge measured in volts or millivolts

A

voltage

44
Q

the hindrance to charge flow provided by substances through which the current must pass

A

Resistance

45
Q

the flow of electrical charge from one point to another

A

Current

46
Q

Open when the appropriate neurotransmitter binds

A

Chemically gated, ligand gated

47
Q

Open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential

A

Voltage-gated channels

48
Q

The resting membrane potentials measures to

A

-70 Mv

49
Q

A decrease in membrane potential, the inside of the membrane becomes less negative and close to 0

A

depolarization

50
Q

An increase in membrane potential, the inside of the membrane becomes more negative and moves further away from 0

A

Hyperpolarization

51
Q

Order of Action potential

A 
resting state on -70 Mv
threshold hits -55Mv
 reaches depolarization Na+ floods in
Action potential
Hyperpolarization, away from Zero becomes more negative
returns to resting state
52
Q

_________ it either happens completely or doesn’t happen at all

A

all or none phenomenon

53
Q

The period where the neuron cannot respond to another stimulus, no matter how strong, the Na+ channels begin to reset to their original resting state

A

Absolute refractory period

54
Q

The period where most Na+ channels have returned to their resting state, some K+ channels are still open, an exceptionaly strong stimulus can reopen the Na+ channels that have already returned to their resting state and generate another AP

A

relative refractory period

55
Q

AP propagation involving nonmyelinated axons, these channels are immediately adjacent to each other, relatively slow

A

Continuous conduction

56
Q

Electrical signals appears to jump from gap to gap along the axon, relatively fast

A

saltatory conduction

57
Q

________ auto immune disease, gradually destroys myelin sheath

A

Multiple sclerosis

58
Q

Characteristics of GROUP A FIBERS

A

mostly somatic sensory and motor fibers
serves skin ,skeletal muscles, and joint
fastest, myelinated

59
Q

Characteristics of GROUP B FIBERS

A

lightly myelinated
serves temp, pain, touch,pressure
average pace

60
Q

Characteristics of GROUP C FIBERS

A

non myelinated
incapable of saltatory conduction
serves smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands
slowest

61
Q

the __ & __ fiber groups include autonomic nervous system motor fibers serving the visceral organs, visceral sensory fibers and the smaller somatic sensory fibers

A

B and C

62
Q

A junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the next or from a neuron to an effector cell

A

Synapse

63
Q

Contain protein channels connexons, electrically coupled, provide a simple means of synchronizing, eye movements,embryonic nervous tissue

A

electrical synapse

64
Q

Allow the release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters, synaptic vesicles, depends on release ,diffusion and receptor binding of neurotransmitter molecules undirectional communication between neurons

A

Chemical synapse

65
Q

Chemical synapse process

A
  1. action potential arrives at axon terminal
  2. Ca+ enters axons
  3. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters
  4. Neurotransmitters diffuse synaptic cleft and bind to receptors
  5. binding open ion channel, graded potential
  6. reuptake
66
Q

“language of the nervous system”

A

neurotransmitters

67
Q

Characteristics of Acetylcholine

A

most abundant
released by all neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles
destroyed Acetylcholinesterase

68
Q

Characteristics of Dopamine

A

Feel good

deficiency: parkinsons disease
overactive: schizophrenia

69
Q

Characteristics of Serotinin

A

sleep, appetite, mood, migraine

70
Q

Histamine

A

acid secretion in the stomach, wakefullness, appetite control and learning, memory

71
Q

substance p

A

mediator of pain signals

72
Q

endorphins

A

act as natural opiates, reducing our perception of pain under stressful conditions

Anatomy & Physiology (40 decks)

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